Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... phase of the oscillation [57–58]. The period and precision of the oscillation are controlled, at least in part, by an apamin-sensitive Ca2+-dependent K+ current [58]. The Ca2+-dependent K+ current is activated by Ca2+ entry through high-voltageactivated Ca2+ channels that open briefly during each Na ...
... phase of the oscillation [57–58]. The period and precision of the oscillation are controlled, at least in part, by an apamin-sensitive Ca2+-dependent K+ current [58]. The Ca2+-dependent K+ current is activated by Ca2+ entry through high-voltageactivated Ca2+ channels that open briefly during each Na ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
Regulation of thalamocortical axon branching by BDNF and synaptic vesicle cycling
... at synapses and in endosomes in dissociated cultures of neocortical neurons (Gomes et al., 2006). This indicates that clathrin-dependent endocytosis might be important for axon development. The aim of this work is to determine if BDNF affects axon branching in the thalamocortical projection and to i ...
... at synapses and in endosomes in dissociated cultures of neocortical neurons (Gomes et al., 2006). This indicates that clathrin-dependent endocytosis might be important for axon development. The aim of this work is to determine if BDNF affects axon branching in the thalamocortical projection and to i ...
exuberance in the development of cortical
... differentiated neurons that are generated early31, many of which are fated to die. This population is larger and more highly developed in phylogenetically more advanced species, although it can be identified even in rodents32. These neurons form a rich network of connections with both cortical and s ...
... differentiated neurons that are generated early31, many of which are fated to die. This population is larger and more highly developed in phylogenetically more advanced species, although it can be identified even in rodents32. These neurons form a rich network of connections with both cortical and s ...
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... significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Network oscillations are attractive for cellular neurophysiologists interested in understanding network behavior in t ...
... significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Network oscillations are attractive for cellular neurophysiologists interested in understanding network behavior in t ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... is that that the first letter corresponds to the post-synaptic neuron and the second letter to the ...
... is that that the first letter corresponds to the post-synaptic neuron and the second letter to the ...
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... form selective pores in the neuronal membrane and confer diverse properties of intrinsic neuronal excitability. This allows mammalian neurons to display a richness of firing behaviors over a wide range of stimuli and firing frequencies. The complex electrical behavior of mammalian neurons is due to ...
... form selective pores in the neuronal membrane and confer diverse properties of intrinsic neuronal excitability. This allows mammalian neurons to display a richness of firing behaviors over a wide range of stimuli and firing frequencies. The complex electrical behavior of mammalian neurons is due to ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... definition but recent studies indicate that it is excitatory and possibly glutamatergic 6'7. The neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collatera ...
... definition but recent studies indicate that it is excitatory and possibly glutamatergic 6'7. The neurotransmitter of SNc neurons is dopamine (DA). The striatum is primarily composed of projection neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collatera ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Network oscillations are attractive for cellular neurophysiologists interested in understanding network behavior in t ...
... significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Network oscillations are attractive for cellular neurophysiologists interested in understanding network behavior in t ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... innervation affects the number of innervating neurons that survive led to the idea that neuronal death matches the number of neurons to the size and requirements of their target ®elds (Oppenheim, 1991). A long established idea, the neurotrophic hypothesis, provides an explanation for how target ®eld ...
... innervation affects the number of innervating neurons that survive led to the idea that neuronal death matches the number of neurons to the size and requirements of their target ®elds (Oppenheim, 1991). A long established idea, the neurotrophic hypothesis, provides an explanation for how target ®eld ...
The dynamic cytoskeleton: backbone of dendritic spine plasticity
... filaments that are oriented with barbed ends toward the tip of the filopodium, dendritic filopodia appear to form from a mixed network of both linear and branched actin filaments that extend to form a filopodium. Furthermore, in contrast to other filopodia, they appear to contain concentrations of A ...
... filaments that are oriented with barbed ends toward the tip of the filopodium, dendritic filopodia appear to form from a mixed network of both linear and branched actin filaments that extend to form a filopodium. Furthermore, in contrast to other filopodia, they appear to contain concentrations of A ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
Descending Systems Translate Transient Cortical Commands into a
... target onset) served as the ‘‘Go’’ signal. The monkey then had to shift the cursor into the previously cued target by generating an isometric torque ramp (Torque onset) in the appropriate direction and magnitude and keep the cursor within the target for an active hold period (350--750 ms, monkeys G ...
... target onset) served as the ‘‘Go’’ signal. The monkey then had to shift the cursor into the previously cued target by generating an isometric torque ramp (Torque onset) in the appropriate direction and magnitude and keep the cursor within the target for an active hold period (350--750 ms, monkeys G ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... we still do not know how competent memory recall is possible from more realistic synapses that suffer from a bounded dynamical range. Second, at the level of retrieval, there are also several aspects of hippocampal circuit dynamics of which we lack a theoretical account. For example, experimental wo ...
... we still do not know how competent memory recall is possible from more realistic synapses that suffer from a bounded dynamical range. Second, at the level of retrieval, there are also several aspects of hippocampal circuit dynamics of which we lack a theoretical account. For example, experimental wo ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
... [88,91 –94], with greater susceptibility of ventral tier neurons of the SNc to degeneration in PD (and animal models of the disease) than those in the dorsal tier of SNc or the VTA [95,96]. Among other biochemical differences, dorsal tier SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-bu ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... min with 0.02% diaminobenzidine-4HCl (DAB), and 0.0001% H2O2 in 50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.6. All the above incubations and reactions were performed at room temperature. All the stained sections were serially mounted onto gelatinized glass slides, dried up, dehydrated in an ethanol series, cleared in xyle ...
... min with 0.02% diaminobenzidine-4HCl (DAB), and 0.0001% H2O2 in 50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.6. All the above incubations and reactions were performed at room temperature. All the stained sections were serially mounted onto gelatinized glass slides, dried up, dehydrated in an ethanol series, cleared in xyle ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bias is learned by modifying the synaptic connections from the neurons that represent each CS and the positive and negative value coding neur ...
... of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bias is learned by modifying the synaptic connections from the neurons that represent each CS and the positive and negative value coding neur ...
Impact of correlated inputs to neurons
... At the single neuron level, the existence of “activity bumps” (that is, large fluctuations) in the membrane potential trace indicates the arrival of coordinated inputs within a narrow time window (Okun and Lampl 2008; DeWeese and Zador 2006). In dual in vivo intracellular recordings in rodent barrel ...
... At the single neuron level, the existence of “activity bumps” (that is, large fluctuations) in the membrane potential trace indicates the arrival of coordinated inputs within a narrow time window (Okun and Lampl 2008; DeWeese and Zador 2006). In dual in vivo intracellular recordings in rodent barrel ...
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... attention has been focused on the idea that, during normal aging, cholinergic neurons do not die at first but undergo phenotypic changes (Smith et al., 1999) due to disordered neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Age-related reduction in ChAT-immunoreactivity was often interpreted as indicative of cell at ...
... attention has been focused on the idea that, during normal aging, cholinergic neurons do not die at first but undergo phenotypic changes (Smith et al., 1999) due to disordered neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Age-related reduction in ChAT-immunoreactivity was often interpreted as indicative of cell at ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... latency and magnitude were classified based on graded and binary coding schemes. Both graded and binary coding schemes occurred across the entire thalamocortical network, with a general tendency of graded-to-binary transformation from thalamus to cortex. Overall, 63% of the neurons of the thalamocort ...
... latency and magnitude were classified based on graded and binary coding schemes. Both graded and binary coding schemes occurred across the entire thalamocortical network, with a general tendency of graded-to-binary transformation from thalamus to cortex. Overall, 63% of the neurons of the thalamocort ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... Dendrites - Cytoplasmic processes of neurons radiating from their perikarya. Dendrites could be straight or wavy; they may branch and may or may not carry dendritic protrusions or spines. The majority of neurons possess several dendrites (multipolar neurons). A specific group of neurons (primary sen ...
... Dendrites - Cytoplasmic processes of neurons radiating from their perikarya. Dendrites could be straight or wavy; they may branch and may or may not carry dendritic protrusions or spines. The majority of neurons possess several dendrites (multipolar neurons). A specific group of neurons (primary sen ...
Organization of Inhibitory Frequency Receptive Fields in Cat Primary
... tions. Characterizing these influences is critical to understanding the relationship between neurophysiology and perception. Frequency tuning curves (FTCs) define a spectral or frequency-intensity RF for auditory neurons. Typically, FTCs of auditory neurons have been defined with single-tone stimuli ...
... tions. Characterizing these influences is critical to understanding the relationship between neurophysiology and perception. Frequency tuning curves (FTCs) define a spectral or frequency-intensity RF for auditory neurons. Typically, FTCs of auditory neurons have been defined with single-tone stimuli ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections to parietal cortex. However, the architectonic heterogeneity of these cortices raises the question of whether distinct areas have laminar-specific interconnections underlying their complex functional relationship. Using quantitative procedures, we showed that lam ...
... cortex issues ‘feedback’ projections to parietal cortex. However, the architectonic heterogeneity of these cortices raises the question of whether distinct areas have laminar-specific interconnections underlying their complex functional relationship. Using quantitative procedures, we showed that lam ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... which the reversal potential of EPSC s was sought, the electrode solution was modified with substitution of equimolar C s-MeSO3 for K-MeSO4 and inclusion of QX-314 (5 mM). In recordings in which the reversal potential of evoked I PSC s was determined, K-gluconate was used in place of K-MeSO4 , and C ...
... which the reversal potential of EPSC s was sought, the electrode solution was modified with substitution of equimolar C s-MeSO3 for K-MeSO4 and inclusion of QX-314 (5 mM). In recordings in which the reversal potential of evoked I PSC s was determined, K-gluconate was used in place of K-MeSO4 , and C ...