... amygdala, delineated with the striatal-related markers dopamine, adenosine 3 0 :5 0 -monophosphate regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 kDa, and the related phosphoprotein Inhibitor-1. These basal forebrain systems project to autonomic nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem. We interpret these result ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
Olfactory pathway
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... manipulation of this process can greatly alter cortical size (Haydar et al., 1999; Rakic, 2005). Loss of progenitor apoptosis by knockout of caspase 3 (Kuida et al., 1996) or caspase 9 (Kuida et al., 1998) leads to massive overgrowth and folding of the neocortex. Constitutive activation of the Notch ...
... manipulation of this process can greatly alter cortical size (Haydar et al., 1999; Rakic, 2005). Loss of progenitor apoptosis by knockout of caspase 3 (Kuida et al., 1996) or caspase 9 (Kuida et al., 1998) leads to massive overgrowth and folding of the neocortex. Constitutive activation of the Notch ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... neurons drives conditioned fear responses2; however, the only in vivo recordings from identified CEA output neurons indicate the opposite9. Recent evidence also supports a role of the CEA in the learning process itself. Acute and reversible inactivation of the CEA during fear conditioning, or local ...
... neurons drives conditioned fear responses2; however, the only in vivo recordings from identified CEA output neurons indicate the opposite9. Recent evidence also supports a role of the CEA in the learning process itself. Acute and reversible inactivation of the CEA during fear conditioning, or local ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... Rostral (areas 11, O121 ) and caudal (area OPro) orbitofrontal areas were connected with the AM, but had few, if any, connections with the AV nucleus. Projections from area OPro to the AM were studied in three cases. Significant connections with the anterior nuclei were seen in only one case (case A ...
... Rostral (areas 11, O121 ) and caudal (area OPro) orbitofrontal areas were connected with the AM, but had few, if any, connections with the AV nucleus. Projections from area OPro to the AM were studied in three cases. Significant connections with the anterior nuclei were seen in only one case (case A ...
Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus
... offered a possible solution to the so-called “binding problem.” Complex stimuli are broken down during sensory processing, with spatially disparate cells coding different aspects of the stimuli (e.g., color, shape, direction of motion, etc.). The binding problem is the question of how the brain puts ...
... offered a possible solution to the so-called “binding problem.” Complex stimuli are broken down during sensory processing, with spatially disparate cells coding different aspects of the stimuli (e.g., color, shape, direction of motion, etc.). The binding problem is the question of how the brain puts ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... lesions were made at various rostral-caudal positions in the MGB identified with the silicon probe. FRAs were measured at different insertion depths with a tungsten microelectrode, and small lesions were made by passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to ...
... lesions were made at various rostral-caudal positions in the MGB identified with the silicon probe. FRAs were measured at different insertion depths with a tungsten microelectrode, and small lesions were made by passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
... Other claustral neurons lack spines and so have largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. T ...
Andrea Kádár
... relatively slow process. In contrast, the tanycyte end feet processes and the terminals of the TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and ...
... relatively slow process. In contrast, the tanycyte end feet processes and the terminals of the TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... The rostral part of the NA, called the nucleus retrofacialis or the compact formation, contains all the vagal lower motor neurons (LMN) that control the motor function of striated muscles of the pharynx and the esophagus. These LMNs mediate all of the pharyngeal and laryngeal vagal reflexes (see Tab ...
... The rostral part of the NA, called the nucleus retrofacialis or the compact formation, contains all the vagal lower motor neurons (LMN) that control the motor function of striated muscles of the pharynx and the esophagus. These LMNs mediate all of the pharyngeal and laryngeal vagal reflexes (see Tab ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
... enzymes, which are essential for adrenaline synthesis, while the noradrenergic neurons contain only DBH, which produces noradrenaline, without the presence of PNMT, therefore the presence or lack ofthese enzymes can be used to to identify NPY axons originating from the noradrenergic or adrenergic ce ...
... enzymes, which are essential for adrenaline synthesis, while the noradrenergic neurons contain only DBH, which produces noradrenaline, without the presence of PNMT, therefore the presence or lack ofthese enzymes can be used to to identify NPY axons originating from the noradrenergic or adrenergic ce ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... potential required to yield realistic spike rates. Morpholog ical characteristics of recorded cells. C ell bodies were visualized in the slice with a Z eiss 63⫻ water immersion objective, and the image was captured on camera (Hamamatsu C2400) mounted on a 4⫻ phototube and displayed on a monitor. The ...
... potential required to yield realistic spike rates. Morpholog ical characteristics of recorded cells. C ell bodies were visualized in the slice with a Z eiss 63⫻ water immersion objective, and the image was captured on camera (Hamamatsu C2400) mounted on a 4⫻ phototube and displayed on a monitor. The ...
computational and in vitro studies of persistent activity
... a trial. The network consists of one pool of inhibitory neurons (upper rasters, labeled I) and six pools of excitatory neurons, five of them selective to different stimuli (rasters labeled 1 through 5) and one of unselective neurons (unlabeled rasters). Within selective populations, neurons are coup ...
... a trial. The network consists of one pool of inhibitory neurons (upper rasters, labeled I) and six pools of excitatory neurons, five of them selective to different stimuli (rasters labeled 1 through 5) and one of unselective neurons (unlabeled rasters). Within selective populations, neurons are coup ...
full text pdf
... Simula et al. (2001) have revealed that the number of neurons associated with the possum SO is significantly higher within the distal region (duodenal end) of the sphincter than in the more proximal part. Furthermore, they found that approximately (approx.) 50% of all SO associated nerve cells were ...
... Simula et al. (2001) have revealed that the number of neurons associated with the possum SO is significantly higher within the distal region (duodenal end) of the sphincter than in the more proximal part. Furthermore, they found that approximately (approx.) 50% of all SO associated nerve cells were ...
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response
... m orphology, and their processes extend beyond their original bord ers (Sofroniew and Vinters, 2010). The resulting d ense netw ork of new ly proliferated astrocytes can recruit other cell types, includ ing fibrom eningeal cells and m icroglia, resulting in the form ation of a perm anent and im pene ...
... m orphology, and their processes extend beyond their original bord ers (Sofroniew and Vinters, 2010). The resulting d ense netw ork of new ly proliferated astrocytes can recruit other cell types, includ ing fibrom eningeal cells and m icroglia, resulting in the form ation of a perm anent and im pene ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... the dog this expiratory area is still more extensive and sharply limited against the surrounding non-respiratory reticular regions. Within this area all neurons react in the same manner in the course of respiratory reflexes as in the example of Fig. 3. Here during the inhibition caused by blood pres ...
... the dog this expiratory area is still more extensive and sharply limited against the surrounding non-respiratory reticular regions. Within this area all neurons react in the same manner in the course of respiratory reflexes as in the example of Fig. 3. Here during the inhibition caused by blood pres ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... typical, highly structured example of stratified neuropil (Fig. 7). The vertical elements are quite different in form from the horizontal fibers. Some of the vertical elements have collaterals and junctions in only one layer, others send collaterals into several layers. Often the collateral structur ...
... typical, highly structured example of stratified neuropil (Fig. 7). The vertical elements are quite different in form from the horizontal fibers. Some of the vertical elements have collaterals and junctions in only one layer, others send collaterals into several layers. Often the collateral structur ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... lognormally distributed, similar to reports of synaptic strengths. Some neurons transferred and received much more information than others, which is consistent with previous predictions. Neurons with the highest outgoing and incoming information transfer were more strongly connected to each other th ...
... lognormally distributed, similar to reports of synaptic strengths. Some neurons transferred and received much more information than others, which is consistent with previous predictions. Neurons with the highest outgoing and incoming information transfer were more strongly connected to each other th ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... positioned in a line across the laminae of area 3b (DiC arlo et al., 1996). The localization of recordings to area 3b was accomplished in two ways: initially, during the experiments, by physiological evidence and later, after euthanasia, by histological methods. During the experiments, we relied on ...
... positioned in a line across the laminae of area 3b (DiC arlo et al., 1996). The localization of recordings to area 3b was accomplished in two ways: initially, during the experiments, by physiological evidence and later, after euthanasia, by histological methods. During the experiments, we relied on ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... in the white matter and then exit cortex and extend subcortically by passing through an axonal pathway, termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of ...
... in the white matter and then exit cortex and extend subcortically by passing through an axonal pathway, termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... including the vocal premotor nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA) and the basal ganglia homolog area X, are thought to originate in nucleus HVc (used as a proper name), which contains interneurons and relay cells that innervate either RA or area X. Previous studies indicated that only X-projecting ...
... including the vocal premotor nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA) and the basal ganglia homolog area X, are thought to originate in nucleus HVc (used as a proper name), which contains interneurons and relay cells that innervate either RA or area X. Previous studies indicated that only X-projecting ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... the digital image and tagged uniquely. The initial dendritic segment was ignored for analysis whenever it was stained (which happened very rarely due to the section thickness; cf. Fig. 2). Nevertheless, the initial part of the dendritic segments was never longer than 2–3 m and negligible compared w ...
... the digital image and tagged uniquely. The initial dendritic segment was ignored for analysis whenever it was stained (which happened very rarely due to the section thickness; cf. Fig. 2). Nevertheless, the initial part of the dendritic segments was never longer than 2–3 m and negligible compared w ...