Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and in ...
... circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and in ...
Conserved and Convergent Organization in the Optic Lobes of
... also reveal common anatomical features that are independent of constraints imposed by the organization of neuropils into retinotopic subunits. It would also be necessary to find a plausible explanation for why the optic lobes of basal crustacean taxa, such as the branchiopods, contain only two retino ...
... also reveal common anatomical features that are independent of constraints imposed by the organization of neuropils into retinotopic subunits. It would also be necessary to find a plausible explanation for why the optic lobes of basal crustacean taxa, such as the branchiopods, contain only two retino ...
Fig. 1
... In central nervous system, Hsp90 is widely expressed in all regions at the latest stages of gestation and postnatal development. In the adult mammalian nervous system and at all stages of postnatal development, the Hsp90 constitutively expressed is preferentially localized on neurons [12,13,17–19]. ...
... In central nervous system, Hsp90 is widely expressed in all regions at the latest stages of gestation and postnatal development. In the adult mammalian nervous system and at all stages of postnatal development, the Hsp90 constitutively expressed is preferentially localized on neurons [12,13,17–19]. ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types an ...
... through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types an ...
Seventeen
... are lost by wear and tear rather than because of an innately short life span, In the hurrran nose, ...
... are lost by wear and tear rather than because of an innately short life span, In the hurrran nose, ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... transgenes to visualize and study how PKD-2 is transported. PKD2::GFP transgenes fully rescue the male mating defect of pkd2(sy606) null mutants (Fig. 7), indicating that these transgenes are functional. PKD-2::GFP transgene expression patterns are consistent with previous anti-PKD-2 antibody staini ...
... transgenes to visualize and study how PKD-2 is transported. PKD2::GFP transgenes fully rescue the male mating defect of pkd2(sy606) null mutants (Fig. 7), indicating that these transgenes are functional. PKD-2::GFP transgene expression patterns are consistent with previous anti-PKD-2 antibody staini ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synapti ...
... to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synapti ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... these 158 neurons, 120 were also tested during yaw stimulation and 61 during static tilt. For 53 neurons, all three conditions (dynamic vertical and horizontal stimulation as well as static tilt) were applied. Neurons responding to dynamic vertical stimulation composed Ç15–20% of the neurons tested. ...
... these 158 neurons, 120 were also tested during yaw stimulation and 61 during static tilt. For 53 neurons, all three conditions (dynamic vertical and horizontal stimulation as well as static tilt) were applied. Neurons responding to dynamic vertical stimulation composed Ç15–20% of the neurons tested. ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... replacing the BGH 3⬘ UTR of the previously described GFP-BGH construct (An et al., 2008) with either the normal human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR (pBDNF-h3⬘UTR) or a human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR containing the G allele of SNP6 (pBDNF-h3⬘UTRsnp6g). The two constructs produce both transcripts with either a short or a long Bdnf ...
... replacing the BGH 3⬘ UTR of the previously described GFP-BGH construct (An et al., 2008) with either the normal human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR (pBDNF-h3⬘UTR) or a human Bdnf 3⬘ UTR containing the G allele of SNP6 (pBDNF-h3⬘UTRsnp6g). The two constructs produce both transcripts with either a short or a long Bdnf ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... cells with D2 receptors (Kawaguchi et al. 1990). We take this as evidence that striatal cells with D1-type receptors provide a much weaker projection to GPe than their D2-type counterparts. In their default state, medium spiny neurons are largely silent and do not respond to low levels of input. How ...
... cells with D2 receptors (Kawaguchi et al. 1990). We take this as evidence that striatal cells with D1-type receptors provide a much weaker projection to GPe than their D2-type counterparts. In their default state, medium spiny neurons are largely silent and do not respond to low levels of input. How ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... Cholinergic interneurons are key components of striatal microcircuits. In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneurons) exhibit multiphasic responses to motivationally salient stimuli that mirror those of midbrain dopamine neurons and together these two systems mediate rewar ...
... Cholinergic interneurons are key components of striatal microcircuits. In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneurons) exhibit multiphasic responses to motivationally salient stimuli that mirror those of midbrain dopamine neurons and together these two systems mediate rewar ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... cerebellar peduncle, and reached PPTN. PPTN was located 3–5 mm lateral from midline and 3–7 mm deeper than where auditory responses were observed. We recorded single units in that location and confirmed high-frequency tonic fiber activity (⬎20 Hz) within 3–5 mm from single units, since PPTN is close ...
... cerebellar peduncle, and reached PPTN. PPTN was located 3–5 mm lateral from midline and 3–7 mm deeper than where auditory responses were observed. We recorded single units in that location and confirmed high-frequency tonic fiber activity (⬎20 Hz) within 3–5 mm from single units, since PPTN is close ...
PDF
... Correlation between slit gene expression and axonal arborization has been noted in vivo, as well (Miyashita et al., 2004; Ozdinler and Erzurumlu, 2002; Ward et al., 2005; Whitford et al., 2002). However, the distribution of Slit protein within the developing CNS has not been described. In particular ...
... Correlation between slit gene expression and axonal arborization has been noted in vivo, as well (Miyashita et al., 2004; Ozdinler and Erzurumlu, 2002; Ward et al., 2005; Whitford et al., 2002). However, the distribution of Slit protein within the developing CNS has not been described. In particular ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... cortices. In one of these cases (case BA) it was also possible to visualize anterograde label from temporal area TE in the amygdala, with the aid of the tracer FR. Finally, we included a few observations on the comparison of the cortical zones of the amygdala with zones that project to some hypothal ...
... cortices. In one of these cases (case BA) it was also possible to visualize anterograde label from temporal area TE in the amygdala, with the aid of the tracer FR. Finally, we included a few observations on the comparison of the cortical zones of the amygdala with zones that project to some hypothal ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... Direct pathway neurons express substance P, while indirect pathway neurons contain enkephalin. In addition, direct pathway neurons express D1-family dopamine receptors, while indirect pathway neurons express D2-family receptors [17]. Studies in rodents have also suggested that the direct and indirec ...
... Direct pathway neurons express substance P, while indirect pathway neurons contain enkephalin. In addition, direct pathway neurons express D1-family dopamine receptors, while indirect pathway neurons express D2-family receptors [17]. Studies in rodents have also suggested that the direct and indirec ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... an understanding as to how the software NEST used learning rules to simulate different models connected in various networks. Skills and techniques learnt from the Computational Modelling module (COMP5320M) were used to analyse and pre-process data obtained from simulations. This project provided the ...
... an understanding as to how the software NEST used learning rules to simulate different models connected in various networks. Skills and techniques learnt from the Computational Modelling module (COMP5320M) were used to analyse and pre-process data obtained from simulations. This project provided the ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... a number of studies yielded controversial results concerning AChE changes in ischemic bram AChE activity was significantly reduced in gerbil brain after the occlusion of the common carotid arteries (Mrsulja et al 1978), whereas increased AChE activity has been reported in the infarcted bram cortex a ...
... a number of studies yielded controversial results concerning AChE changes in ischemic bram AChE activity was significantly reduced in gerbil brain after the occlusion of the common carotid arteries (Mrsulja et al 1978), whereas increased AChE activity has been reported in the infarcted bram cortex a ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... Figures 2b and e). These results indicate that intact expression of the neuron-specific Nf1 exon 9a isoform is required for normal spatial learning. To determine whether the spatial learning impairments of Nf19a–/9a– mutants are associated with changes in synaptic function, we recorded field excitator ...
... Figures 2b and e). These results indicate that intact expression of the neuron-specific Nf1 exon 9a isoform is required for normal spatial learning. To determine whether the spatial learning impairments of Nf19a–/9a– mutants are associated with changes in synaptic function, we recorded field excitator ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they ...
... columns are borderless in real life. The diagram is still useful, however, because it captures an early view of how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they ...
Full Article
... varicosities than those in uninjured rats. SPN and IN closely apposed by axons from the RVLM were not more numerous in lesioned rats. However, RVLM axons apposed many more SPN than IN in both control and lesioned rats. Therefore, RVLM sympathoexcitation may be mediated largely by direct synapses on ...
... varicosities than those in uninjured rats. SPN and IN closely apposed by axons from the RVLM were not more numerous in lesioned rats. However, RVLM axons apposed many more SPN than IN in both control and lesioned rats. Therefore, RVLM sympathoexcitation may be mediated largely by direct synapses on ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... in laminae 2/3A and 4A (see Fig. 20) provides additional support for the sparse projection from lamina 3B/4A to 6, described above. Lamina 48. Lamina 48 receives most of its intrinsic input from neurons in lamina 4Co( (Lund, 1973; Fitzpatrick et al., 1985). Microinjections into lamina 48 result in a ...
... in laminae 2/3A and 4A (see Fig. 20) provides additional support for the sparse projection from lamina 3B/4A to 6, described above. Lamina 48. Lamina 48 receives most of its intrinsic input from neurons in lamina 4Co( (Lund, 1973; Fitzpatrick et al., 1985). Microinjections into lamina 48 result in a ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... (Figures 1C2–1E2). In addition, there appears to be a marked increase in the number of vacuoles adjacent to labeled profiles (v, Figures 1C2–1E2). In contrast, axonal peduncles, which do not undergo pruning [6, 8], exhibit little ultrastructural changes (data not shown; see Figure S1). This observat ...
... (Figures 1C2–1E2). In addition, there appears to be a marked increase in the number of vacuoles adjacent to labeled profiles (v, Figures 1C2–1E2). In contrast, axonal peduncles, which do not undergo pruning [6, 8], exhibit little ultrastructural changes (data not shown; see Figure S1). This observat ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining normal sympathetic tone. PBN, parabrachial nucleus; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; CVLM, caudal ventrolateral medulla; VLM, ventro ...
... bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining normal sympathetic tone. PBN, parabrachial nucleus; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus; CVLM, caudal ventrolateral medulla; VLM, ventro ...