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... 221, 222, 236, 239). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that CB1 receptors are abundantly expressed in discrete regions and cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) (see also sect. III) but are also present at significant densities in a variety of periphera ...
... 221, 222, 236, 239). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that CB1 receptors are abundantly expressed in discrete regions and cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) (see also sect. III) but are also present at significant densities in a variety of periphera ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... direct targets of ETH include neurons that express the neuropeptides, FMRFamide (FMRF), Kinin, EH, and Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP), either alone or in combination with bursicon (made up of two subunits, BURS and PBURS) and/or Myoinhibitory Peptides (MIPs) (Diao et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2 ...
... direct targets of ETH include neurons that express the neuropeptides, FMRFamide (FMRF), Kinin, EH, and Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP), either alone or in combination with bursicon (made up of two subunits, BURS and PBURS) and/or Myoinhibitory Peptides (MIPs) (Diao et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2 ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
... Electrophysiological procedures were performed essentially as described elsewhere (Kargieman et al., 2007). Recordings of pyramidal neurons and oscillatory activity local field potential (LFP) were carried out in the mPFC (AP+3.2 to +3.4, L−0.2 to −0.5, DV −1.0 to −4; coordinates in mm (Paxinos and W ...
... Electrophysiological procedures were performed essentially as described elsewhere (Kargieman et al., 2007). Recordings of pyramidal neurons and oscillatory activity local field potential (LFP) were carried out in the mPFC (AP+3.2 to +3.4, L−0.2 to −0.5, DV −1.0 to −4; coordinates in mm (Paxinos and W ...
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... BamHI for Gucy2d, HindIII for Sema3b and BamHI for Sema3f and analyzed by Southern blot hybridization with a 5⬘ external probe for Gucy2d, and 3⬘ external probes for Sema3b and Sema3f. DNA of positive clones was digested with HindIII or EcoRI for Sema3b and Sema3f, respectively, and probed with 5⬘ e ...
... BamHI for Gucy2d, HindIII for Sema3b and BamHI for Sema3f and analyzed by Southern blot hybridization with a 5⬘ external probe for Gucy2d, and 3⬘ external probes for Sema3b and Sema3f. DNA of positive clones was digested with HindIII or EcoRI for Sema3b and Sema3f, respectively, and probed with 5⬘ e ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with receptive fields similar to retina in size and respo ...
... axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with receptive fields similar to retina in size and respo ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... the vector for cholinergic neurons both in the brainstem and other brain regions using a vector that encodes only the fluorescent reporter (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 2; see online Methods). In addition, we injected the same vector in each cholinergic cell group (Ch1-Ch8) and conf ...
... the vector for cholinergic neurons both in the brainstem and other brain regions using a vector that encodes only the fluorescent reporter (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 2; see online Methods). In addition, we injected the same vector in each cholinergic cell group (Ch1-Ch8) and conf ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... After more than six decades of research (Bremer and Bonnet, 1949; Tunturi, 1944; Woolsey and Walzl, 1942) there is no consensus on how auditory cortex is defined (Read et al., 2002). Although many would agree on a definition based on the pattern of input connections and the type of sensory inputs pr ...
... After more than six decades of research (Bremer and Bonnet, 1949; Tunturi, 1944; Woolsey and Walzl, 1942) there is no consensus on how auditory cortex is defined (Read et al., 2002). Although many would agree on a definition based on the pattern of input connections and the type of sensory inputs pr ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
... out to locate internal structures such as the anterior commissure, boundaries of the striatum and globus pallidus, and the amygdala. After stereotaxic coordinates for the boundaries of these structures were located, the location of the CeM, CeLcn and IPAC was estimated. Small deposits of retrograde ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... localized excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic events in the target neuron. The localized excitatory events are integrated to generate more global neural signals that trigger action potentials that initiate from the axon hillock. These action potentials then spread in two directions. They can flow ...
... localized excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic events in the target neuron. The localized excitatory events are integrated to generate more global neural signals that trigger action potentials that initiate from the axon hillock. These action potentials then spread in two directions. They can flow ...
PDF
... To explore further the biological functions of proNGF in the developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigem ...
... To explore further the biological functions of proNGF in the developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigem ...
Paper
... We examined the pattern of retrograde tracer distribution in the claustrum following intracortical injections into the frontal pole (area 10), and in dorsal (area 9), and ventral lateral (area 12) regions of the rostral prefrontal cortex in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). The resulting pa ...
... We examined the pattern of retrograde tracer distribution in the claustrum following intracortical injections into the frontal pole (area 10), and in dorsal (area 9), and ventral lateral (area 12) regions of the rostral prefrontal cortex in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). The resulting pa ...
Processing of Interaural Intensity Differences in the LSO: Role of
... the discriminator was fed to the computer. When a unit was encountered, its characteristic frequency (the frequency to which the neuron was most sensitive) and absolute threshold were audiovisually determined to set stimulus parameters subsequently controlled by the computer. The characteristic freq ...
... the discriminator was fed to the computer. When a unit was encountered, its characteristic frequency (the frequency to which the neuron was most sensitive) and absolute threshold were audiovisually determined to set stimulus parameters subsequently controlled by the computer. The characteristic freq ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of facile biological wisdom is built into these simple observations and we should expect valuation mechanisms to be built into our nervous systems at every level, from the s ...
... such discriminatory capacities and can rank numerous dimensions in their world along axes that extend from good to bad. A kind of facile biological wisdom is built into these simple observations and we should expect valuation mechanisms to be built into our nervous systems at every level, from the s ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... “Auditory and visual sensory information reach the orbitofrontal cortex after having undergone significant processing. The olfactory system is exclusive in that it has more direct contact to the external environment via olfactory receptor cells, input is relayed directly to the cortex and is not ini ...
... “Auditory and visual sensory information reach the orbitofrontal cortex after having undergone significant processing. The olfactory system is exclusive in that it has more direct contact to the external environment via olfactory receptor cells, input is relayed directly to the cortex and is not ini ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... ablation of the AON prior to synapse formation. AChR levels were dramatically reduced in neurons of input-deprived ganglia as compared to control innervated neurons at all developmental stages examined from embryonic day (ED) 5 to ED 12 as determined by indirect immunocytochemical labeling of frozen ...
... ablation of the AON prior to synapse formation. AChR levels were dramatically reduced in neurons of input-deprived ganglia as compared to control innervated neurons at all developmental stages examined from embryonic day (ED) 5 to ED 12 as determined by indirect immunocytochemical labeling of frozen ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... that the precentral motor field contained a complete map of the body. A large part of the body map was located in cytoarchitectonic area 4. However, the representation of axial body musculature was located in the caudal part of area 6. In fact, it was principally the presence of axial representation ...
... that the precentral motor field contained a complete map of the body. A large part of the body map was located in cytoarchitectonic area 4. However, the representation of axial body musculature was located in the caudal part of area 6. In fact, it was principally the presence of axial representation ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... follows a rostro-caudal gradient, whereas parvalbumin is expressed by a low number of neurons. We observed a high degree of expression of CBPs by GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, with a large majority of calbindin- and calretinin-positive neurons expressing GAD or VGluT2 mRNA. Notably, CBP-posit ...
... follows a rostro-caudal gradient, whereas parvalbumin is expressed by a low number of neurons. We observed a high degree of expression of CBPs by GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, with a large majority of calbindin- and calretinin-positive neurons expressing GAD or VGluT2 mRNA. Notably, CBP-posit ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... Involvement of GABAergic and Cholinergic Medial Septal Neurons in Hippocampal Theta Rhythm Ryan M. Yoder and Kevin C.H. Pang* ...
... Involvement of GABAergic and Cholinergic Medial Septal Neurons in Hippocampal Theta Rhythm Ryan M. Yoder and Kevin C.H. Pang* ...
A self-organizing model of disparity maps in the primary visual cortex
... light and bright light respectively. Rods are more numerous than cones but are conspicuously absent at the centre of the retina. This region is known as the fovea and represents the centre of fixation. It contains a high concentration of cones, thereby making it well-suited for fine-detailed vision. ...
... light and bright light respectively. Rods are more numerous than cones but are conspicuously absent at the centre of the retina. This region is known as the fovea and represents the centre of fixation. It contains a high concentration of cones, thereby making it well-suited for fine-detailed vision. ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... Another OFC neuron is shown in Figure 3c. This neuron showed activations in both water and no-reward trials during the delay period. Similar activations in no-reward trials but no activation in any reward trials were observed in the ‘Visible and cued food reward’ tasks (not shown). It appears that t ...
... Another OFC neuron is shown in Figure 3c. This neuron showed activations in both water and no-reward trials during the delay period. Similar activations in no-reward trials but no activation in any reward trials were observed in the ‘Visible and cued food reward’ tasks (not shown). It appears that t ...
Measuring Cortical Thickness - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
... 1. Segmentation of the MR volume into its component tissue types (ususally white matter, grey matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation of the gyri that have been fused through the partial volume effect. 3. Construction of the actual surfaces into some polygon model. Tissue segmen ...
... 1. Segmentation of the MR volume into its component tissue types (ususally white matter, grey matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation of the gyri that have been fused through the partial volume effect. 3. Construction of the actual surfaces into some polygon model. Tissue segmen ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... cerebellar projections to two cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-SMA. We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the ...
... cerebellar projections to two cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-SMA. We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the ...
NIH Public Access
... returning echo with particular time delays. What differs among bats is the relationship between the spectra of the pulse and echo that activate the delay-tuned response. In bats that primarily use FM signals in their echolocation calls, FM-FM neurons respond to similar spectral elements in calls and ...
... returning echo with particular time delays. What differs among bats is the relationship between the spectra of the pulse and echo that activate the delay-tuned response. In bats that primarily use FM signals in their echolocation calls, FM-FM neurons respond to similar spectral elements in calls and ...