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NIH Public Access
NIH Public Access

... returning echo with particular time delays. What differs among bats is the relationship between the spectra of the pulse and echo that activate the delay-tuned response. In bats that primarily use FM signals in their echolocation calls, FM-FM neurons respond to similar spectral elements in calls and ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE

... neurons using the human prepro-orexin promoter. Using this mouse line, they identified several brain regions including the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, and serotonergic neurons in the median raphe and paramedian raphe nucleus16). The r ...
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF

... action potential. The associated membrane depolarization activates voltage-gated Ca2+-channels (VGCCs) within the terminal, including channels that are strategically placed near vesicle docking sites. Ca2+ entry stimulates release by promoting fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Ac ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and

... Crane, and Olton (1986) observed that, in a variety of learning tasks, hippocampal cells respond not only to individual stimuli but to combinations of stimulus dimensions such as color, shape, and spatial location. Berger et al. (1983) also reported that theta cells, presumably basket cells that pro ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus

... revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal axons were small, but a second class of large boutons was also prominent. This is in contrast to the homogeneous small TRN termin ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
Glossary of Olfactory Terms

... receptor signals to the olfactory bulb. Axons expressing the same receptor type join in sets of fiber bundles through which these signals are transmitted. At the olfactory bulb, these signals are interpreted at the glomeruli and further signals are transmitted to the olfactory centers of the brain ( ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith

... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons

... Evidence of a scientific approach to the question of the nature of the mind can be found as early as the 5th century BC. Several physicians, among them Alcmaeon of Crotona (535-500 BC), Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BC), Hippocrates of Cos (460-379 BC), and Herophilus of Alexandria (335-280 BC) ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states

... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo

... the cell was sucked into the electrode in a stream of sterile control solution. The content of the electrode (8 µl) was expelled into an Eppendorf tube, containing 7µl of a mixture prepared according to the protocol of the “first strand cDNA synthesis kit” (Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Germany). Aft ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus

... several classes of neurons have been defined in vivo on the basis of their activity during behavior, but it is unclear how those types correspond to neurons identified in slice preparations. By targeting recordings to neurons labeled in transgenic mouse lines, this study reveals that the continuous ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

... of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R572–R580, 2011. First published June 22, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00674.2010.—Obesity and inadequate sleep are among the most common causes of health problems in modern society. Thus, the discovery that orex ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine

... Systemic administration of nicotine increases dopaminergic (DA) neuron firing in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is thought to underlie nicotine reward. Here, we report that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a critical role in nicotineinduced excitation of VTA DA neurons. In chloral ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational

... somatosensory, motor and visual areas of adult rats and adult cats. It specifies connection probabilities and connection strengths of effectively established synaptic connections between excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neurons, to which we will refer as functional connectivity in this paper. Th ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?

... of coordination with the other two neurons during one or more of the three stimuli (airjet 1 or airjet 2 or combined airjet stimulation), but not necessarily in response to the same stimulus. After applying these criteria to our sample of 360 neuronal trios, we identified 26 trios that showed signif ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward

... neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbit ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and

... Prefrontal cortices have been implicated in autonomic function, but their role in this activity is not well understood. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions. Thus, the prefrontal cortex may be an essential link for aut ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED

... connections and functions. Towards these aims, the introduction will begin with an overview of the cortico-BG projection system in the primate and how it has been used to establish that segregated BG circuits process motor, associative, and limbic information (Parent and Hazrati, 1995a). This will b ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous

... 5. It is routinely possible to obtain simultaneous recordings of most, if not all, relevant circuit neurons, using a combination of intracellular and extracellular recordings. Routine STNS experiments include 4 simultaneous intracellular recordings and 8–12 extracellular nerve recordings. 6. The lar ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
View/Open - Minerva Access

... A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes and processes information and how the networks and structures involved are formed. In this thesis, we use theoretical approaches to further our understanding of brain function. First, we investigate how experimentally-based le ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo

... to get close to VLSI mimicry of the brain power efficiency. The brain consisting of 1010 neurons with 1014 neural connections is a very power efficient system that is still the most complex system to date [16]. Comparison of hardware/software implementation and software simulations shows how faraway ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and

... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for

... object vision and a dorsal stream projecting to the parietooccipital cortex concerned with space vision (Mishkin et al. 1983; Ungerleider and Mishkin 1982). A number of electrophysiological studies have revealed that many neurons in the IT cortex respond selectively to objects of simple or complex s ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for

... most of them also were found to be equally sensitive to two-dimensional (2D) stimuli. Many of these shape-selective neurons were also selective for color or texture and often showed size invariance (Gochin 1996; Ito et al. 1995; Sato et al. 1980; Schwartz et al. 1983) or viewpoint invariance (Booth ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited

... frequency, it was briefly retrained at half that spatial frequency to eliminate any potential “side bias.” Then, testing resumed at the spatial frequency below the original failure. The threshold for visual acuity was established once a mouse exhibited a consistent pattern of performance. Acuity thr ...
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Apical dendrite

An apical dendrite is a dendrite that emerges from the apex of a pyramidal cell. Apical dendrites are one of two primary categories of dendrites, and they distinguish the pyramidal cells from spiny stellate cells in the cortices. Pyramidal cells are found in the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex, the olfactory cortex, and other areas. Dendrite arbors formed by apical dendrites are the means by which synaptic inputs into a cell are integrated. The apical dendrites in these regions contribute significantly to memory, learning, and sensory associations by modulating the excitatory and inhibitory signals received by the pyramidal cells.
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