Imaging the premotor areas Nathalie Picard* and Peter L Strick
... In monkeys, it is now established that area 6 on the medial wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 ...
... In monkeys, it is now established that area 6 on the medial wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 ...
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... • medulla oblongata- most inferior – Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing – Reflexes for cough, sneeze and vomiting ...
... • medulla oblongata- most inferior – Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing – Reflexes for cough, sneeze and vomiting ...
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... responses, these values were 55 ⫾ 25% and 53 ⫾ 27 msec, respectively. A segmental delay of the responses also varied considerably; on average, however, the delay was the shortest for the ipsilateral excitatory responses (Fig. 4 A), longer for the ipsilateral inhibitory responses (Fig. 4 B), even lon ...
... responses, these values were 55 ⫾ 25% and 53 ⫾ 27 msec, respectively. A segmental delay of the responses also varied considerably; on average, however, the delay was the shortest for the ipsilateral excitatory responses (Fig. 4 A), longer for the ipsilateral inhibitory responses (Fig. 4 B), even lon ...
Living scaffolds for neuroregeneration
... addition to migration, it has been observed that growing axons often use a glial scaffold to locate appropriate targets and guide their extension. In the CNS of Drosophila embryos, Jacobs et al. showed that glial cells exist in patterned configurations that outline axonal pathways before the growth o ...
... addition to migration, it has been observed that growing axons often use a glial scaffold to locate appropriate targets and guide their extension. In the CNS of Drosophila embryos, Jacobs et al. showed that glial cells exist in patterned configurations that outline axonal pathways before the growth o ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... This may be ascribed, however, to the fact that STS output reaches, albeit indirectly (see below), the whole ventral premotor region and not only F5. Second, STS neurons do not appear to be endowed with motor properties. Another cortical area where there are neurons that respond to the observation o ...
... This may be ascribed, however, to the fact that STS output reaches, albeit indirectly (see below), the whole ventral premotor region and not only F5. Second, STS neurons do not appear to be endowed with motor properties. Another cortical area where there are neurons that respond to the observation o ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... Central nervous system consists of a myriad of cell types, including neurons, glias, endothelial cells, etc. On top of it, each cell type can be further subdivided into many different subtypes [4,27]. Considering that the neuronal circuit is an assembly of various neuronal types, the identification ...
... Central nervous system consists of a myriad of cell types, including neurons, glias, endothelial cells, etc. On top of it, each cell type can be further subdivided into many different subtypes [4,27]. Considering that the neuronal circuit is an assembly of various neuronal types, the identification ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
STINGLESS BEES: THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF FORAGING Abstract
... understanding of the social life of honeybees. Kerr (1969) reported that in some forager species of bees, the whitish reflective abdominal hairs may facilitate orientation as they leave the nest. An important tool used to control the course and speed of flight is vision. Speed is controlled by alter ...
... understanding of the social life of honeybees. Kerr (1969) reported that in some forager species of bees, the whitish reflective abdominal hairs may facilitate orientation as they leave the nest. An important tool used to control the course and speed of flight is vision. Speed is controlled by alter ...
Full-Text PDF
... stimulation, and extracellular electrical stimulation. Some activation modalities are inherently selective, such as optogenetics or intracellular activation, but these techniques are largely limited to research applications due to excessive invasiveness and complexity. The use of an in vitro test be ...
... stimulation, and extracellular electrical stimulation. Some activation modalities are inherently selective, such as optogenetics or intracellular activation, but these techniques are largely limited to research applications due to excessive invasiveness and complexity. The use of an in vitro test be ...
Dual single unit recording in Globus Pallidus (GP) and Subthalamic
... relationship between the two nuclei. A. An in-phase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the same direction (increase or decrease) in both GP and STN. B An out-ofphase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the opposite direction in GP and STN. ...
... relationship between the two nuclei. A. An in-phase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the same direction (increase or decrease) in both GP and STN. B An out-ofphase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the opposite direction in GP and STN. ...
Neurodynamical modeling of arbitrary visuomotor tasks
... In the introductory section, we give first a review of the literature of conditional visuomotor learning. We focus on the specific experiments used to study this paradigm. This view has not been extensively considered in the literature so far, but it is central to the manuscript presented in Chapter ...
... In the introductory section, we give first a review of the literature of conditional visuomotor learning. We focus on the specific experiments used to study this paradigm. This view has not been extensively considered in the literature so far, but it is central to the manuscript presented in Chapter ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
... testing is performed in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, amygdala lesions may not produce significant deficits partly because the neutral visual stimulus is being associated with a visual stimulus with secondary reinforcing properties, the sight of food; and partly because with spaced trials, a h ...
... testing is performed in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, amygdala lesions may not produce significant deficits partly because the neutral visual stimulus is being associated with a visual stimulus with secondary reinforcing properties, the sight of food; and partly because with spaced trials, a h ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... about neuronal processing. Specifically, we conciliate quantitative studies of microcircuitry and the functional logic of neuronal computations. We revisit the established idea that message passing among hierarchical cortical areas implements a form of Bayesian inference—paying careful attention to ...
... about neuronal processing. Specifically, we conciliate quantitative studies of microcircuitry and the functional logic of neuronal computations. We revisit the established idea that message passing among hierarchical cortical areas implements a form of Bayesian inference—paying careful attention to ...
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in
... m a y be of such a kind as to produce a substance which raSses t h e threshold of the neuron, or it m a y be so placed t h a t the local disturbance produced by its excitation opposes the alteration induced by t h e otherwise excitatory synapses. Inasmuch as position is already known to have such ef ...
... m a y be of such a kind as to produce a substance which raSses t h e threshold of the neuron, or it m a y be so placed t h a t the local disturbance produced by its excitation opposes the alteration induced by t h e otherwise excitatory synapses. Inasmuch as position is already known to have such ef ...
optical multistage interconnection networks
... inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve spe ...
... inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve spe ...
Acetylcholine - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... It was subsequently noted that cholinergic tegmental projections largely formed connections with noncholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain (37). This finding is critical because it could explain why stimulation of the horizontal diagonal band, preoptic area, and substantia innominata, but no ...
... It was subsequently noted that cholinergic tegmental projections largely formed connections with noncholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain (37). This finding is critical because it could explain why stimulation of the horizontal diagonal band, preoptic area, and substantia innominata, but no ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
damage to oligodendrocytes and axons following endothelin 1
... events. The all-or-none law means that any stimulus large enough to produce an action potential produces the same size action potential, regardless of the stimulus strength. In other words, once the stimulus is above threshold, the amplitude of the response no longer reflects the amplitude of the st ...
... events. The all-or-none law means that any stimulus large enough to produce an action potential produces the same size action potential, regardless of the stimulus strength. In other words, once the stimulus is above threshold, the amplitude of the response no longer reflects the amplitude of the st ...
Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum
... empathize. It was then hypothesized that autism is marked by an extreme systemizing approach above and beyond the normal male’s predisposition to systemization (27–29). Social deficits observed in ASD as well as the increased prevalence in males could be explained by this shift along the empathizing ...
... empathize. It was then hypothesized that autism is marked by an extreme systemizing approach above and beyond the normal male’s predisposition to systemization (27–29). Social deficits observed in ASD as well as the increased prevalence in males could be explained by this shift along the empathizing ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... have yet to be established. The only well identified neural sensors that encode BP are the baroreceptors, but their contribution to the long-term regulation of BP has been repeatedly questioned (discussed later)11,12. Numerous humoral factors (for example, sodium, angiotensin II and mineralocorticoi ...
... have yet to be established. The only well identified neural sensors that encode BP are the baroreceptors, but their contribution to the long-term regulation of BP has been repeatedly questioned (discussed later)11,12. Numerous humoral factors (for example, sodium, angiotensin II and mineralocorticoi ...
Separate neural subsystems within `Wernicke`s area`
... left STS responded only to intelligible stimuli, whereas the posterior left STS responded to the presence of auditory phonetic cues, irrespective of the intelligibility of the stimuli. Therefore, this study demonstrated a clear difference in the responses of the anterior and posterior parts of the l ...
... left STS responded only to intelligible stimuli, whereas the posterior left STS responded to the presence of auditory phonetic cues, irrespective of the intelligibility of the stimuli. Therefore, this study demonstrated a clear difference in the responses of the anterior and posterior parts of the l ...