Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
Primate Globus Pallidus and Subthalamic Nucleus: Functional
... motor was attached to the handle for the application of loads (see below). The display consisted of two rows of light-emiting diodes (LEDs) arranged in two horizontal rows, one below the other. Each row contained 128 LEDs and was 32 cm. The illuminated LED of the upper low indicated the target posit ...
... motor was attached to the handle for the application of loads (see below). The display consisted of two rows of light-emiting diodes (LEDs) arranged in two horizontal rows, one below the other. Each row contained 128 LEDs and was 32 cm. The illuminated LED of the upper low indicated the target posit ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... Cambridge, MA 02142 617-253-0547 (voice) 617-253-2964 (fax) [email protected] ...
... Cambridge, MA 02142 617-253-0547 (voice) 617-253-2964 (fax) [email protected] ...
Lecture notes Neural Computation
... its dendrites (dendrite: Greek for branch). The dendritic trees can be very elaborate and often receive more than 10,000 synapses. Neurons mainly communicate using spikes, these are a brief (1ms), stereotypic excursions of the neuron’s membrane voltage. Spikes are thought to be mainly generated in t ...
... its dendrites (dendrite: Greek for branch). The dendritic trees can be very elaborate and often receive more than 10,000 synapses. Neurons mainly communicate using spikes, these are a brief (1ms), stereotypic excursions of the neuron’s membrane voltage. Spikes are thought to be mainly generated in t ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... period of the subsequent lifting/transport phase, in which the target was held between the fingers and moved toward its final location (mouth or container). Despite a certain degree of variability in the velocity of monkey performance, the Post epoch does not include mouth grasping or object placing. ...
... period of the subsequent lifting/transport phase, in which the target was held between the fingers and moved toward its final location (mouth or container). Despite a certain degree of variability in the velocity of monkey performance, the Post epoch does not include mouth grasping or object placing. ...
Cognitive spatial-motor processes
... was a prerequisite for further analysis. Second, these changes in cell activity during the delay period were frequently but not always congruent with the changes observed in the non-delayed task. Third, decreases in activity were more frequent than increases. Fourth, there was a subset of cells that ...
... was a prerequisite for further analysis. Second, these changes in cell activity during the delay period were frequently but not always congruent with the changes observed in the non-delayed task. Third, decreases in activity were more frequent than increases. Fourth, there was a subset of cells that ...
OLED_Optogenetics_abstract_v3_wo_links
... and the plugin MtrackJ. From those positions, we calculated the distance between head and tail, which indicates whether the larva is relaxed or contracted. OLED illumination timing was tracked from the videos as well. As an example, Figure 3b shows head-tail distance traces for two OLED power densit ...
... and the plugin MtrackJ. From those positions, we calculated the distance between head and tail, which indicates whether the larva is relaxed or contracted. OLED illumination timing was tracked from the videos as well. As an example, Figure 3b shows head-tail distance traces for two OLED power densit ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... must order themselves in new or different ways to accommodate current conditions. The patterns that emerge may be dened as attractor states of the collective variable dynamics; that is, the collective variable may converge in time to a certain limit set or attractor solution. Mathematically, system ...
... must order themselves in new or different ways to accommodate current conditions. The patterns that emerge may be dened as attractor states of the collective variable dynamics; that is, the collective variable may converge in time to a certain limit set or attractor solution. Mathematically, system ...
NeuroMem Decision Space Mapping
... The classification of a vector consists of evaluating if it lies within the influence field of one or more neurons modeling the decision space. The outcome can have three possible classification status: Identified with certainty, Identified with uncertainty, Unknown. As a result, the RCE/RBF classif ...
... The classification of a vector consists of evaluating if it lies within the influence field of one or more neurons modeling the decision space. The outcome can have three possible classification status: Identified with certainty, Identified with uncertainty, Unknown. As a result, the RCE/RBF classif ...
Optical Control of Muscle Function by Transplantation of Stem Cell
... the peripheral nerve environment (Fig. 2A), but also mature morphologically to resemble adult spinal motor neurons and express the mature motor neuron marker choline acetyltransferase (Fig. 2B). Immunodetection of ChR2-YFP, using an antibody to GFP, demonstrates that ChR2 is localized to the membran ...
... the peripheral nerve environment (Fig. 2A), but also mature morphologically to resemble adult spinal motor neurons and express the mature motor neuron marker choline acetyltransferase (Fig. 2B). Immunodetection of ChR2-YFP, using an antibody to GFP, demonstrates that ChR2 is localized to the membran ...
Axons break in animals lacking β-spectrin
... integrity when axons or dendrites are placed under strain. In the vertebrate peripheral nervous system, axons are exposed to strains generated by length changes during movement (Phillips et al., 2004). Strain has also been proposed to assist in wiring the central nervous system (Van Essen, 1997) and ...
... integrity when axons or dendrites are placed under strain. In the vertebrate peripheral nervous system, axons are exposed to strains generated by length changes during movement (Phillips et al., 2004). Strain has also been proposed to assist in wiring the central nervous system (Van Essen, 1997) and ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... So why do adults have REM sleep then? ► Maybe to facilitate modest brain changes due to learning ...
... So why do adults have REM sleep then? ► Maybe to facilitate modest brain changes due to learning ...
Use of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus to
... those following nerve lesions, demonstrating that the MI has the intrinsic circuitry necessary to support reorganization, in which the intracortical horizontal connections play a decisive role (Sanes and Donoghue, 2000). Our earlier studies revealed that the motor cortices of both hemispheres, inter ...
... those following nerve lesions, demonstrating that the MI has the intrinsic circuitry necessary to support reorganization, in which the intracortical horizontal connections play a decisive role (Sanes and Donoghue, 2000). Our earlier studies revealed that the motor cortices of both hemispheres, inter ...
Biological Cybernetics
... to have the same size. These findings suggest that the large receptive field neurons that are found in urodeles as well as in anurans (Grüsser-Cornehls and Himstedt 1976; Roth and Himstedt 1978; Grüsser-Cornehls 1984) contribute to the localization of small objects such as prey and are no mere ‘pr ...
... to have the same size. These findings suggest that the large receptive field neurons that are found in urodeles as well as in anurans (Grüsser-Cornehls and Himstedt 1976; Roth and Himstedt 1978; Grüsser-Cornehls 1984) contribute to the localization of small objects such as prey and are no mere ‘pr ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... that CGp contributes to the integration of actions and their outcomes and thereby influences subsequent changes in behavior. To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer t ...
... that CGp contributes to the integration of actions and their outcomes and thereby influences subsequent changes in behavior. To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer t ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... established reward timing, versus the acquisition of new reward timing intervals. Therefore, following 5–6 days of post-infusion recovery, single unit data were collected while animals performed daily sessions of the task with reversed parameters (i.e., cue 1 predicting a long delay and cue 2 predic ...
... established reward timing, versus the acquisition of new reward timing intervals. Therefore, following 5–6 days of post-infusion recovery, single unit data were collected while animals performed daily sessions of the task with reversed parameters (i.e., cue 1 predicting a long delay and cue 2 predic ...
Integrated model of visual processing
... and 2D analysis of luminance borders. The next level is the 2 1 / 2 D sketch that encodes the position and orientation in depth of small surface elements in 3D and the final stage is the 3D representation that corresponds to the representation of objects in three dimensions. Thus, it is a model base ...
... and 2D analysis of luminance borders. The next level is the 2 1 / 2 D sketch that encodes the position and orientation in depth of small surface elements in 3D and the final stage is the 3D representation that corresponds to the representation of objects in three dimensions. Thus, it is a model base ...
Morphological Identification of Cell Death in Dorsal Root Ganglion
... support from the periphery as soon as possible by early re-connection of proximal and distal nerve ends by primary repair or by nerve grafting [15]. It is important to know the fate of primary sensory neurons after the surgical repair of their peripheral processes to test the hypothesis that the ext ...
... support from the periphery as soon as possible by early re-connection of proximal and distal nerve ends by primary repair or by nerve grafting [15]. It is important to know the fate of primary sensory neurons after the surgical repair of their peripheral processes to test the hypothesis that the ext ...
EXERCISE TRAINING AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... of physical activity dependent plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Of particular interest are functional improvements, such as those reported for memory and cognition,35–39 that are associated with changes in the number, structure and function of neurons.35,40 Recent studies indicate tha ...
... of physical activity dependent plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Of particular interest are functional improvements, such as those reported for memory and cognition,35–39 that are associated with changes in the number, structure and function of neurons.35,40 Recent studies indicate tha ...
The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires
... circuits (Suzuki, 1996). The output pattern of the striatum suggests that sufficient coherent activation of striatal neurons leads to the generation of action potentials off up-states, and that these can set off changes in activity leading through the system of connections and loop circuits of the b ...
... circuits (Suzuki, 1996). The output pattern of the striatum suggests that sufficient coherent activation of striatal neurons leads to the generation of action potentials off up-states, and that these can set off changes in activity leading through the system of connections and loop circuits of the b ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... The classic studies of Newsome and colleagues highlighted the large variation in the choices made by subjects and in the number of spikes fired by MT neurons. In response to statistically identical stimuli, subjects would sometimes report the wrong direction and their neurons would sometimes fire as ...
... The classic studies of Newsome and colleagues highlighted the large variation in the choices made by subjects and in the number of spikes fired by MT neurons. In response to statistically identical stimuli, subjects would sometimes report the wrong direction and their neurons would sometimes fire as ...
An Introduction to the Nervous System
... • 12-5 Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential. • 12-6 Discuss the factors that affect the speed with which action potentials are propagated. ...
... • 12-5 Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential. • 12-6 Discuss the factors that affect the speed with which action potentials are propagated. ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.