Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic and
... responsive cells. Two cells recorded extracellularly and one recorded in current-clamp, which had previously responded to orexin A, did not respond to orexin B. The previous application of the voltage-gated sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (0.5 M) did not prevent the depolarization caused by ore ...
... responsive cells. Two cells recorded extracellularly and one recorded in current-clamp, which had previously responded to orexin A, did not respond to orexin B. The previous application of the voltage-gated sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (0.5 M) did not prevent the depolarization caused by ore ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... color knowledge task than for the control task in a left fusiform area demonstrated to be more active during color perception than during discrimination of hues of gray. They concluded that this result supported embodied theories of color knowledge. However, their conclusion was too strong. An overl ...
... color knowledge task than for the control task in a left fusiform area demonstrated to be more active during color perception than during discrimination of hues of gray. They concluded that this result supported embodied theories of color knowledge. However, their conclusion was too strong. An overl ...
Hierarchical somatosensory processing
... part [42]; however, it is not yet known whether there is a hierarchical relationship between the ...
... part [42]; however, it is not yet known whether there is a hierarchical relationship between the ...
Combinatorial Marking of Cells and Organelles with Split
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
Lecture 14 - ANS
... postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division (instead of NE) • Important because ACh causes dilation of these blood vessels, whereas NE causes constriction of the blood vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity • Thus widespead sympathetic activation leads to a redistribution of blood away from skin ...
... postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division (instead of NE) • Important because ACh causes dilation of these blood vessels, whereas NE causes constriction of the blood vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity • Thus widespead sympathetic activation leads to a redistribution of blood away from skin ...
A comparison of the distribution and morphology of ChAT
... cholinergic neuronal population in the thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord of the pig. The distribution of ChAT-, VAChT- and AChE-positive cells was found to be similar. Distinct groups of cholinergic neurons were observed in the gray matter of the ventral horn, intermediolateral nucleus, intermedi ...
... cholinergic neuronal population in the thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord of the pig. The distribution of ChAT-, VAChT- and AChE-positive cells was found to be similar. Distinct groups of cholinergic neurons were observed in the gray matter of the ventral horn, intermediolateral nucleus, intermedi ...
Lecture 14 - ANS
... • Autonomic tone refers to constant activity of the cells of the ANS • An important aspect of ANS function because: – If a nerve is inactive under normal conditions, it can only increase its activity – However, if nerve maintains a constant background level of activity, then it can either increase o ...
... • Autonomic tone refers to constant activity of the cells of the ANS • An important aspect of ANS function because: – If a nerve is inactive under normal conditions, it can only increase its activity – However, if nerve maintains a constant background level of activity, then it can either increase o ...
Capturing Brain Dynamics: a combined neuroscience and
... Neural synchronization ‣ A red Ferrari sports car drives by you’re perceiving: ...
... Neural synchronization ‣ A red Ferrari sports car drives by you’re perceiving: ...
Historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the
... primary endings of muscle spindles, which are exquisitely sensitive to dynamic stretching. Much later the slower group II afferents from the spindle secondary endings were also found to contact the MNs monosynaptically, but on a much smaller scale. No other muscular or cutaneous afferents have such ...
... primary endings of muscle spindles, which are exquisitely sensitive to dynamic stretching. Much later the slower group II afferents from the spindle secondary endings were also found to contact the MNs monosynaptically, but on a much smaller scale. No other muscular or cutaneous afferents have such ...
Biological clock - Science Mission
... neurotransmitter, presumably they inhibit the neurons they innervate. • In addition to the axonal output pathways, SCN neurons may rhythmically secrete the peptide neuromodulator: vasopressin (AVP) • How do neurons of the SCN keep time? no complete answer at the molecular level, but it’s clear that ...
... neurotransmitter, presumably they inhibit the neurons they innervate. • In addition to the axonal output pathways, SCN neurons may rhythmically secrete the peptide neuromodulator: vasopressin (AVP) • How do neurons of the SCN keep time? no complete answer at the molecular level, but it’s clear that ...
Biological clock
... neurotransmitter, presumably they inhibit the neurons they innervate. • In addition to the axonal output pathways, SCN neurons may rhythmically secrete the peptide neuromodulator: vasopressin (AVP) • How do neurons of the SCN keep time? no complete answer at the molecular level, but it’s clear that ...
... neurotransmitter, presumably they inhibit the neurons they innervate. • In addition to the axonal output pathways, SCN neurons may rhythmically secrete the peptide neuromodulator: vasopressin (AVP) • How do neurons of the SCN keep time? no complete answer at the molecular level, but it’s clear that ...
ALGORITHMICS - Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara
... What is this course about ? Computational Intelligence “is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence; it aims to use learning, adaptive, or evolutionary algorithms to create programs that are, in some sense, intelligent. “ ...
... What is this course about ? Computational Intelligence “is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence; it aims to use learning, adaptive, or evolutionary algorithms to create programs that are, in some sense, intelligent. “ ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... conditioned dilations typically exceeded the largest acoustically elicited responses of the preceding sensitization period during Trials 6-10, attained asymptote by Trials 21-25, and maintained high values thereafter (Figure 1). The pupillary dilation conditioned response attained criterion in 16 of ...
... conditioned dilations typically exceeded the largest acoustically elicited responses of the preceding sensitization period during Trials 6-10, attained asymptote by Trials 21-25, and maintained high values thereafter (Figure 1). The pupillary dilation conditioned response attained criterion in 16 of ...
Here is a link
... recorded against an inactive reference point with an upper frequency limit of about 100 Hz, then two types of field potentials can be distinguished, depending on the time constant of the amplifying recording device. In the case of a time constant of 1 second or less, the extracellular field potentia ...
... recorded against an inactive reference point with an upper frequency limit of about 100 Hz, then two types of field potentials can be distinguished, depending on the time constant of the amplifying recording device. In the case of a time constant of 1 second or less, the extracellular field potentia ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... Data Acquisition and Analysis Horizontal and vertical eye position signals were directly obtained from the eye coil electronics (MEL-25, Enzanshi Kogyo, Chiba, Japan). Data were digitized and sampled at 1 kHz and were stored in files during the experiments for further off-line analysis that was perfo ...
... Data Acquisition and Analysis Horizontal and vertical eye position signals were directly obtained from the eye coil electronics (MEL-25, Enzanshi Kogyo, Chiba, Japan). Data were digitized and sampled at 1 kHz and were stored in files during the experiments for further off-line analysis that was perfo ...
Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates
... rostral portions of the neuraxis that are homologous to some of the major divisions of craniate brains. Moreover, recent data indicate that many genes involved in patterning the nervous system are common to all bilaterally symmetrical animals and have been inherited from a common ancestor. Craniates ...
... rostral portions of the neuraxis that are homologous to some of the major divisions of craniate brains. Moreover, recent data indicate that many genes involved in patterning the nervous system are common to all bilaterally symmetrical animals and have been inherited from a common ancestor. Craniates ...
Neural processes underlying conscious perception
... One striking property of perception is that it can be achieved in two seemingly different ways: either consciously or non-consciously. What distinguishes these two types of processing at the neural level? So far, empirical findings suggest that conscious perception is associated with an increase in ac ...
... One striking property of perception is that it can be achieved in two seemingly different ways: either consciously or non-consciously. What distinguishes these two types of processing at the neural level? So far, empirical findings suggest that conscious perception is associated with an increase in ac ...
Supplementary Materials ANTICIPATION PHASE Neutral vs. gain
... temporale, lateral occipital cortex, thalamus, brain stem, and left middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus (Table S5). Social anxiety and gain outcomes Gain magnitude. Contrasting large gain outcome with small gain outcome yielded three clusters of activity positively related to social anxiety (Table ...
... temporale, lateral occipital cortex, thalamus, brain stem, and left middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus (Table S5). Social anxiety and gain outcomes Gain magnitude. Contrasting large gain outcome with small gain outcome yielded three clusters of activity positively related to social anxiety (Table ...
Synaptic Neurotransmission and the Anatomically Addressed
... What is neurotransmission? It can be described in many ways: anatomically, chemically, electrically. This chapter (Chapter 2) describes the anatomical basis of neurotransmission by showing how neurons are the substrates of neurotransmission and how they develop, migrate, form synapses, and demonstra ...
... What is neurotransmission? It can be described in many ways: anatomically, chemically, electrically. This chapter (Chapter 2) describes the anatomical basis of neurotransmission by showing how neurons are the substrates of neurotransmission and how they develop, migrate, form synapses, and demonstra ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... were previously identified by their responses to masseter muscle stretching. Changes in TMne spontaneous electrical activities, analyzed under baseline conditions and during whisking movements, were statistically evaluated using Student’s t-test for paired observations. Results: Neuroanatomical expe ...
... were previously identified by their responses to masseter muscle stretching. Changes in TMne spontaneous electrical activities, analyzed under baseline conditions and during whisking movements, were statistically evaluated using Student’s t-test for paired observations. Results: Neuroanatomical expe ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers
... More Fun Facts about REM Sleep • REM is called paradoxical sleep as brain waves are similar to waking state (Beta/Alpha) , but a person is deeply asleep and unable to move (muscle atonia) • Most vivid dreaming takes place during REM sleep • REM stage lengthens as night progresses • When deprived of ...
... More Fun Facts about REM Sleep • REM is called paradoxical sleep as brain waves are similar to waking state (Beta/Alpha) , but a person is deeply asleep and unable to move (muscle atonia) • Most vivid dreaming takes place during REM sleep • REM stage lengthens as night progresses • When deprived of ...
Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function
... comparison of the cost-minimized layout with actual neuron positions revealed groups of outlier neurons with distinct structural characteristics. Interestingly, neurons within each group have been shown in experiments to play similar roles in the worm nervous system: developmental pioneering and sig ...
... comparison of the cost-minimized layout with actual neuron positions revealed groups of outlier neurons with distinct structural characteristics. Interestingly, neurons within each group have been shown in experiments to play similar roles in the worm nervous system: developmental pioneering and sig ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.