multiple reward signals in the brain
... processing1–4. In addition, physiological methods such as in vivo microdialysis, voltammetry5–9 and neural imaging10–12 have been used to probe the structures and neurotransmitters that are involved in processing reward information in the brain. However, I believe that the temporal constraints impos ...
... processing1–4. In addition, physiological methods such as in vivo microdialysis, voltammetry5–9 and neural imaging10–12 have been used to probe the structures and neurotransmitters that are involved in processing reward information in the brain. However, I believe that the temporal constraints impos ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... CEREBELLAR RESPIRATORY-RELATED NEURONS ...
... CEREBELLAR RESPIRATORY-RELATED NEURONS ...
Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces
... mediating the CS and those whose activity results in the CR. Associative learning using noxious stimuli as the US has been documented behaviorally, and the mediating synaptic change has been elucidated in some systems1–4. However, the neural pathways that mediate nociceptor-driven aversive teaching ...
... mediating the CS and those whose activity results in the CR. Associative learning using noxious stimuli as the US has been documented behaviorally, and the mediating synaptic change has been elucidated in some systems1–4. However, the neural pathways that mediate nociceptor-driven aversive teaching ...
Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked
... regulation of synaptic functions in the central nervous system, such as synaptic plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll, 1993; Collingridge et al., 2004). NMDA-R dependent synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning. This includes learning that can also have maladaptive consequences, for example ...
... regulation of synaptic functions in the central nervous system, such as synaptic plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll, 1993; Collingridge et al., 2004). NMDA-R dependent synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning. This includes learning that can also have maladaptive consequences, for example ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... To reduce computing time, the initial encoding of the environment occurs with the virtual rat traversing a pre-coded trajectory through the T-maze. This brings the rat up the stem of the maze, into the left arm, back to the stem, up into the right arm and back to the original starting position in th ...
... To reduce computing time, the initial encoding of the environment occurs with the virtual rat traversing a pre-coded trajectory through the T-maze. This brings the rat up the stem of the maze, into the left arm, back to the stem, up into the right arm and back to the original starting position in th ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... correlation peaks indicative of synaptic connectivity (T. Brochier, personal communication). There are two possible reasons for this negative result: first, it is likely that both samples were heavily biased towards large pyramidal neurons in lamina V, whereas many of the neurons giving rise to cort ...
... correlation peaks indicative of synaptic connectivity (T. Brochier, personal communication). There are two possible reasons for this negative result: first, it is likely that both samples were heavily biased towards large pyramidal neurons in lamina V, whereas many of the neurons giving rise to cort ...
Dynamics and Synchronization of Motifs of Neuronal Populations in the Presence
... Spatio-Temporal Neurodynamics: Rhythms, Synchronization and Coding 3.1 Single neuron activity: Excitability and oscillations . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Neuronal classification depending on the response to a driving current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Rhythmogenesis, neural synchrony and ...
... Spatio-Temporal Neurodynamics: Rhythms, Synchronization and Coding 3.1 Single neuron activity: Excitability and oscillations . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Neuronal classification depending on the response to a driving current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Rhythmogenesis, neural synchrony and ...
Lecture 6 th week
... • It originates in the cerebral cortex and sends impulses to the nerves of the respiratory muscles via the corticospinal tracts. In addition, ingoing impulses from many parts of the body modify the activity of the respiratory centers and consequently alter the outgoing impulses to the respiratory mu ...
... • It originates in the cerebral cortex and sends impulses to the nerves of the respiratory muscles via the corticospinal tracts. In addition, ingoing impulses from many parts of the body modify the activity of the respiratory centers and consequently alter the outgoing impulses to the respiratory mu ...
Canonical computations of cerebral cortex
... ‘lower’ cortical areas, comes dominantly into layer 4 (L4); L4 projects strongly to layers 2/3 (L2/3); L2/3 provides feedforward input to L4 of ‘higher’ cortical areas, and also projects to L5; L5 provides the only output from cortex other than feedback to thalamus, and also projects to L6; L6 proje ...
... ‘lower’ cortical areas, comes dominantly into layer 4 (L4); L4 projects strongly to layers 2/3 (L2/3); L2/3 provides feedforward input to L4 of ‘higher’ cortical areas, and also projects to L5; L5 provides the only output from cortex other than feedback to thalamus, and also projects to L6; L6 proje ...
Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative
... Box 1 | Single neuron recordings in humans Neurophysiology recordings in humans are typically limited to non-invasive procedures, such as electroencephalography or functional MRI. There are, however, a few exceptional cases in which, for clinical reasons, it is possible to obtain single-cell recordi ...
... Box 1 | Single neuron recordings in humans Neurophysiology recordings in humans are typically limited to non-invasive procedures, such as electroencephalography or functional MRI. There are, however, a few exceptional cases in which, for clinical reasons, it is possible to obtain single-cell recordi ...
The Computation and Comparison of Value in Goal
... values to actions that are commensurate with the level of rewards that they generate, and they need to select the actions with the highest values. The extent to which they are able to do this depends on the properties of the algorithms that they use, and on the performance of the “wetware” implement ...
... values to actions that are commensurate with the level of rewards that they generate, and they need to select the actions with the highest values. The extent to which they are able to do this depends on the properties of the algorithms that they use, and on the performance of the “wetware” implement ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... The presence of ROSA26-YFP cassette gave a 300 bp band, whereas the wild-type (wt) band was 600 bp; the presence of a DAT-Cre cassette gave a 700 bp band, whereas the wt band was 400 bp. B, Fluorescence image of a complete 500 m horizontal slice encompassing the mesoaccumbens projection at P20 (all ...
... The presence of ROSA26-YFP cassette gave a 300 bp band, whereas the wild-type (wt) band was 600 bp; the presence of a DAT-Cre cassette gave a 700 bp band, whereas the wt band was 400 bp. B, Fluorescence image of a complete 500 m horizontal slice encompassing the mesoaccumbens projection at P20 (all ...
Bayesian Computation in Recurrent Neural Circuits
... suggesting that these neurons are involved in accumulating evidence (interpreted as log likelihoods) over time. Similar activity has also been reported in the primate area LIP (Shadlen & Newsome, 2001). A mathematical model based on log-likelihood ratios was found to be consistent with the observed ...
... suggesting that these neurons are involved in accumulating evidence (interpreted as log likelihoods) over time. Similar activity has also been reported in the primate area LIP (Shadlen & Newsome, 2001). A mathematical model based on log-likelihood ratios was found to be consistent with the observed ...
Lissencephaly - Cambridge University Press
... Reprint requests to Dr. M. G. Norman, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd. Ottawa, ...
... Reprint requests to Dr. M. G. Norman, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd. Ottawa, ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... the extracellular recordings based on the height, width and principal components of the waveforms (Datawave, Denver, Colorado) as shown in Figure 12-1D-E2. In those microwires with neuronal recordings (a small fraction of the total as described in (Kreiman, 2002)) we observed an average of 1.72 unit ...
... the extracellular recordings based on the height, width and principal components of the waveforms (Datawave, Denver, Colorado) as shown in Figure 12-1D-E2. In those microwires with neuronal recordings (a small fraction of the total as described in (Kreiman, 2002)) we observed an average of 1.72 unit ...
Mirror Proposal 8-01 - USC - University of Southern California
... to propose models which place the mirror system in a broader perspective. As we have noted, our analysis of the monkey mirror system is to be seen as grounding efforts to understand the brain mechanisms underlying imitation in humans. For imitation, the key issue is the recognition of the structure ...
... to propose models which place the mirror system in a broader perspective. As we have noted, our analysis of the monkey mirror system is to be seen as grounding efforts to understand the brain mechanisms underlying imitation in humans. For imitation, the key issue is the recognition of the structure ...
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu
... sensory processing and the precise timing of dopaminergic signals suggest that they might instead have a central role in identifying which aspects of context and behavioural output are crucial in causing unpredicted events. In his famous experiment on reinforcement learning, Thorndike placed a hungr ...
... sensory processing and the precise timing of dopaminergic signals suggest that they might instead have a central role in identifying which aspects of context and behavioural output are crucial in causing unpredicted events. In his famous experiment on reinforcement learning, Thorndike placed a hungr ...
Activity of Bipolar Potential Generation in Paramecium
... membrane potential and motion of cilia is studied by Y. Naitoh and R. Eckert, 1969[8,9]. They showed that swimming directions are defined by positive (depolarization) and negative (hyperpolarization) potentials generated in a single cell. In florecence density, spontaneous potential variation was me ...
... membrane potential and motion of cilia is studied by Y. Naitoh and R. Eckert, 1969[8,9]. They showed that swimming directions are defined by positive (depolarization) and negative (hyperpolarization) potentials generated in a single cell. In florecence density, spontaneous potential variation was me ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... Frontoparietal circuits for sensorimotor integration. So far, mirror neurons have been identified in two cortical areas — the posterior part of the inferior frontal cortex and the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule3. These two areas are anatomically connected6 and so form an integrated fr ...
... Frontoparietal circuits for sensorimotor integration. So far, mirror neurons have been identified in two cortical areas — the posterior part of the inferior frontal cortex and the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule3. These two areas are anatomically connected6 and so form an integrated fr ...
An overview of reservoir computing: theory, applications and
... In [36] it was shown that when no prior knowledge of the problem at had is given, it is best to create the reservoir with a uniform pole placement, so that all possible frequencies are maximally covered, an idea which originated from the identification of linear systems using Kautz filters. The random ...
... In [36] it was shown that when no prior knowledge of the problem at had is given, it is best to create the reservoir with a uniform pole placement, so that all possible frequencies are maximally covered, an idea which originated from the identification of linear systems using Kautz filters. The random ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... The review will focus on two areas in the PPC: the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and the parietal reach region (PRR). It will also include areas in the frontal lobe connected to PPC, particularly the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and other areas within the PPC, such as area 5. In the final sectio ...
... The review will focus on two areas in the PPC: the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and the parietal reach region (PRR). It will also include areas in the frontal lobe connected to PPC, particularly the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and other areas within the PPC, such as area 5. In the final sectio ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolari ...
... 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of the membrane potential during the later stages of a hyperpolari ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.