Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... Dorsal and ventral areas on the medial PFC • The dorsal medial PFC is also known as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which has been shown to encode the affective aspects of motor control variables (e.g., how much effort will an action take, what is its probability of success, how much conflict ...
... Dorsal and ventral areas on the medial PFC • The dorsal medial PFC is also known as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which has been shown to encode the affective aspects of motor control variables (e.g., how much effort will an action take, what is its probability of success, how much conflict ...
What does the eye tell the brain? Development of a system for the large-scale recording of retinal output activity
... with 512 electrodes. Therefore, our goal has been to develop automated neuron identification software that takes into account the multielectrode signal correlations. Moreover, with 1 Terabyte of data to analyze after each experimental run, high data processing speed is necessary. With these factors ...
... with 512 electrodes. Therefore, our goal has been to develop automated neuron identification software that takes into account the multielectrode signal correlations. Moreover, with 1 Terabyte of data to analyze after each experimental run, high data processing speed is necessary. With these factors ...
PDF
... One of the first actor –critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of striatal striosomes, subthalamic ...
... One of the first actor –critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of striatal striosomes, subthalamic ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... (Barraclough et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2004). During this game, the computer opponent simulated a rational decision maker who chooses its target so as to minimize the payoff of the animal, and the animal gained a token only when it chose the same target as the computer. When the animal’s choice was ...
... (Barraclough et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2004). During this game, the computer opponent simulated a rational decision maker who chooses its target so as to minimize the payoff of the animal, and the animal gained a token only when it chose the same target as the computer. When the animal’s choice was ...
Olfactory Coding in the Honeybee Lateral Horn
... the shape of the activated LH region (see Figure 1B) corresponded to the pattern of projections of l-APT neurons, which innervate the most rostral region of the LH [12]. We then analyzed the spatial organization of odor signals in the LH. Figure 2A shows activity patterns recorded in one animal upon ...
... the shape of the activated LH region (see Figure 1B) corresponded to the pattern of projections of l-APT neurons, which innervate the most rostral region of the LH [12]. We then analyzed the spatial organization of odor signals in the LH. Figure 2A shows activity patterns recorded in one animal upon ...
Ventromedial Thalamic Neurons Convey Nociceptive Signals from
... 1997; Villanueva and Bernard, 1998). Recent f unctional imaging studies have shown that pain does much more than simply activate a “pain center” and involves a number of structures in the brain (Talbot et al., 1991; C asey et al., 1994; Derbyshire et al., 1997). Understanding this diversity probably ...
... 1997; Villanueva and Bernard, 1998). Recent f unctional imaging studies have shown that pain does much more than simply activate a “pain center” and involves a number of structures in the brain (Talbot et al., 1991; C asey et al., 1994; Derbyshire et al., 1997). Understanding this diversity probably ...
Lab 6
... processing techniques can be used to separate different components of the brain waves. These separate components can then be associated with different brain areas and functions. Current research focuses on discovering correlations between specific brain activity patterns to disease, emotional states ...
... processing techniques can be used to separate different components of the brain waves. These separate components can then be associated with different brain areas and functions. Current research focuses on discovering correlations between specific brain activity patterns to disease, emotional states ...
Retinoids and spinal cord development
... the tail bud, suggesting a role for this posteriorizing factor in combination with FGF. It was striking in these experiments that no Hoxc5-expressing cells (cervical level) were induced by FGF. When tissue fated to form rostral cervical level was cultured with cervical paraxial mesoderm and retinol ...
... the tail bud, suggesting a role for this posteriorizing factor in combination with FGF. It was striking in these experiments that no Hoxc5-expressing cells (cervical level) were induced by FGF. When tissue fated to form rostral cervical level was cultured with cervical paraxial mesoderm and retinol ...
Anterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
... trial reduce conflict and associated ACC activity on the current trial (15). Next, we tested whether ACC activity predicted behavioral adjustments on the subsequent trial. To do so, we divided trials into high-adjustment and low-adjustment trials (22). As predicted by the conflict hypothesis, high-a ...
... trial reduce conflict and associated ACC activity on the current trial (15). Next, we tested whether ACC activity predicted behavioral adjustments on the subsequent trial. To do so, we divided trials into high-adjustment and low-adjustment trials (22). As predicted by the conflict hypothesis, high-a ...
The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible
... difficult to unequivocally attribute specific physiological meaning to each of these parameters, they still reflect the summed output of veritable dynamics of population activity. Assemblies will to some extent feature specific spatio-temporal profiles determined by the network-specific cytoarchitec ...
... difficult to unequivocally attribute specific physiological meaning to each of these parameters, they still reflect the summed output of veritable dynamics of population activity. Assemblies will to some extent feature specific spatio-temporal profiles determined by the network-specific cytoarchitec ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
file
... ramps, 70 dB SPL) were presented twelve times at each of sixteen repetition rates. To minimize adaptation effects, repetition rates were randomly interleaved, and two seconds of silence separated each train. The twosecond interval between trains allowed the response strength to 0.5-pps trains to be ...
... ramps, 70 dB SPL) were presented twelve times at each of sixteen repetition rates. To minimize adaptation effects, repetition rates were randomly interleaved, and two seconds of silence separated each train. The twosecond interval between trains allowed the response strength to 0.5-pps trains to be ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... motionless but awake rat, a highly synchronized EEG pattern, characterized by large-amplitude rhythmic waves in the theta/ alpha band (6-12 Hz, high-voltage spindles, HVS), has been described by Gottesmann (1967) and Klingberg and Pickenhain ...
... motionless but awake rat, a highly synchronized EEG pattern, characterized by large-amplitude rhythmic waves in the theta/ alpha band (6-12 Hz, high-voltage spindles, HVS), has been described by Gottesmann (1967) and Klingberg and Pickenhain ...
Seminar High Performance Computers
... read out. Where ever a connection is existent (encoded by a 1) the signals are sent to their neurons on which the membrane potentials are updated. Having updated all neurons, the axon stops its reading process and awaits the next address-events. The procedure is repeated until no more address-events ...
... read out. Where ever a connection is existent (encoded by a 1) the signals are sent to their neurons on which the membrane potentials are updated. Having updated all neurons, the axon stops its reading process and awaits the next address-events. The procedure is repeated until no more address-events ...
Substrate Stiffness and Adhesivity Influence Neuron Axonal Growth
... conditions of a given trial. As directed for this cell line, they are kept in an incubator at 36-38 C and 5% CO2, and supplied with appropriately supplemented Neurobasal Medium (Invitrogen), as directed by the instructions included by Invitrogen. Specifically, Neurobasal Media is supplemented with 2 ...
... conditions of a given trial. As directed for this cell line, they are kept in an incubator at 36-38 C and 5% CO2, and supplied with appropriately supplemented Neurobasal Medium (Invitrogen), as directed by the instructions included by Invitrogen. Specifically, Neurobasal Media is supplemented with 2 ...
Adaptive neural coding: from biological to behavioral decision
... Context-dependent neural value coding. (a) Modulation by spatial context in monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP) neurons. Left, average firing rate histograms as a function of time, segregated by the value context of the array of alternatives. Despite a constant reward associated with the neural ...
... Context-dependent neural value coding. (a) Modulation by spatial context in monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP) neurons. Left, average firing rate histograms as a function of time, segregated by the value context of the array of alternatives. Despite a constant reward associated with the neural ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of postsynaptic neurons after spikes evoked within individual network neuro ...
... rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of postsynaptic neurons after spikes evoked within individual network neuro ...
The fate of Nissl-stained dark neurons following
... dark neurons have been observed as one kind of feature of damaged neurons. The regions where dark neurons appear at a high rate after TBI, such as neocortex, CA3 subWeld and dentate hilus, coincide with the regions where subsequent neuronal death is induced. These facts appear to indicate that dark ...
... dark neurons have been observed as one kind of feature of damaged neurons. The regions where dark neurons appear at a high rate after TBI, such as neocortex, CA3 subWeld and dentate hilus, coincide with the regions where subsequent neuronal death is induced. These facts appear to indicate that dark ...
neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events
... oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, in which activity during a delayed matching-to-sample task was compared between trials involving novel or familiar stimuli32. Activity is shown for a region in the lateral prefrontal cortex that had a greater dela ...
... oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, in which activity during a delayed matching-to-sample task was compared between trials involving novel or familiar stimuli32. Activity is shown for a region in the lateral prefrontal cortex that had a greater dela ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... layer V pyramidal neurons above this threshold as “type A” neurons, and those below this threshold as “type B neurons.” Based on the studies outlined above, we would predict that type A neurons (more h-current) would be thick-tufted, whereas type B neurons (minimal h-current) should be thin-tufted. ...
... layer V pyramidal neurons above this threshold as “type A” neurons, and those below this threshold as “type B neurons.” Based on the studies outlined above, we would predict that type A neurons (more h-current) would be thick-tufted, whereas type B neurons (minimal h-current) should be thin-tufted. ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... before the saccade start, which was taken as the time at which eye velocity exceeded 50°/s. We measured postsaccadic activity in a 50 ms window that began 70 ms after the beginning of the saccade (Robinson and Wurtz, 1976). This postsaccadic window preceded the time of target reappearance on trials ...
... before the saccade start, which was taken as the time at which eye velocity exceeded 50°/s. We measured postsaccadic activity in a 50 ms window that began 70 ms after the beginning of the saccade (Robinson and Wurtz, 1976). This postsaccadic window preceded the time of target reappearance on trials ...
The History of the EEG
... • Fast Fourier Transform seperates spontaneous EEG signal to component frequencies and amplitudes • Restriction: high frequency resolution demands long (in the range of seconds) analysis windows ...
... • Fast Fourier Transform seperates spontaneous EEG signal to component frequencies and amplitudes • Restriction: high frequency resolution demands long (in the range of seconds) analysis windows ...
Skeletal System
... decreasing in strength as it travels If this depolarizing signal is strong enough when it reaches the initial segment of the axon, it acts as the trigger that initiates an action potential in the axon Signals from the receptive zone determine if the axon will fire an impulse ...
... decreasing in strength as it travels If this depolarizing signal is strong enough when it reaches the initial segment of the axon, it acts as the trigger that initiates an action potential in the axon Signals from the receptive zone determine if the axon will fire an impulse ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.