Restraining influence of A2 neurons in chronic control of arterial
... − 1.6 mV (n = 15 cells). In contrast, the membrane potential of cells transfected with pTYF-PRS-Kir-IRES-eGFP was significantly more negative (i.e. − 64.7 ± − 1.2 mV; n = 16 cells, p b 0.01). These data demonstrate that expression of hKir2.1 can hyperpolarize membrane potential by approximately 9 mV ...
... − 1.6 mV (n = 15 cells). In contrast, the membrane potential of cells transfected with pTYF-PRS-Kir-IRES-eGFP was significantly more negative (i.e. − 64.7 ± − 1.2 mV; n = 16 cells, p b 0.01). These data demonstrate that expression of hKir2.1 can hyperpolarize membrane potential by approximately 9 mV ...
Techniques and Methods to Implement Neural Networks Using SAS
... and macros is a viable approach. Using the fundamentals of the neural net code demonstrated here, we can use this SAS coding pattern to program more complicated multi-layer neural networks. Although other languages may offer their own advantages, for the SAS professional creating functional neural n ...
... and macros is a viable approach. Using the fundamentals of the neural net code demonstrated here, we can use this SAS coding pattern to program more complicated multi-layer neural networks. Although other languages may offer their own advantages, for the SAS professional creating functional neural n ...
as a PDF
... does not attempt to integrate this important and complex literature into the current discussion, it will be of interest in the future to determine whether and how these presynaptic interactions might contribute to a selective gating function). As described above, and noted by others, DA appears to a ...
... does not attempt to integrate this important and complex literature into the current discussion, it will be of interest in the future to determine whether and how these presynaptic interactions might contribute to a selective gating function). As described above, and noted by others, DA appears to a ...
Basal Ganglia
... Intention of the next move (planning) Motor program selection (initiation and execution). BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 (pre-motor cortex). BG output to VA ...
... Intention of the next move (planning) Motor program selection (initiation and execution). BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 (pre-motor cortex). BG output to VA ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... populations of neurons with millisecond precision, even on the level of single neurons. However, these two revolutions have proceeded more or less in parallel, and it has proven very difficult to combine readout and manipulation of the same cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation o ...
... populations of neurons with millisecond precision, even on the level of single neurons. However, these two revolutions have proceeded more or less in parallel, and it has proven very difficult to combine readout and manipulation of the same cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation o ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... also include neurons in the input and output s-layers. This approach required several hundred presentations of all SR pairs to be learnt. It also assumed fully bi-directional connectivity between brain areas, whereas anatomical data tend to indicate hierarchical relations between most areas, with fe ...
... also include neurons in the input and output s-layers. This approach required several hundred presentations of all SR pairs to be learnt. It also assumed fully bi-directional connectivity between brain areas, whereas anatomical data tend to indicate hierarchical relations between most areas, with fe ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... reflected on the observed neuronal firing. (4) Fourth, the observed effect of a neuronal firing at its axonal terminals (presynaptic terminals) measured in terms of the firing of the neurons to which they synapse also varies widely depending on the background state of latter’s sub-threshold activati ...
... reflected on the observed neuronal firing. (4) Fourth, the observed effect of a neuronal firing at its axonal terminals (presynaptic terminals) measured in terms of the firing of the neurons to which they synapse also varies widely depending on the background state of latter’s sub-threshold activati ...
Fading memory and kernel properties of generic cortical microcircuit
... input rates that were used more than 30 ms ago. Firing rates r(t) were randomly drawn from the uniform distribution over [0 Hz, 80 Hz] every 30 ms, and input spike trains 1 and 2 were generated for the present 30 ms time segment as independent Poisson spike trains with this firing rate r(t). This pro ...
... input rates that were used more than 30 ms ago. Firing rates r(t) were randomly drawn from the uniform distribution over [0 Hz, 80 Hz] every 30 ms, and input spike trains 1 and 2 were generated for the present 30 ms time segment as independent Poisson spike trains with this firing rate r(t). This pro ...
Visual pathway class..
... • We do not have a descriptive or mechanistic model that predicts response properties of downstream visual areas, or behavior. • A descriptive model would vastly transform technology: the primate visual system is far superior to anything that engineers can build. • A mechanistic model is the ultimat ...
... • We do not have a descriptive or mechanistic model that predicts response properties of downstream visual areas, or behavior. • A descriptive model would vastly transform technology: the primate visual system is far superior to anything that engineers can build. • A mechanistic model is the ultimat ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... forebrain structures, form a dynamic interactive network. The cerebral cortex, along with the thalamus and subcortical systems, sends signals to the BG. The BG in turn, with modulation from midbrain dopaminergic system, integrates and processes this cortical information for output, back to the cereb ...
... forebrain structures, form a dynamic interactive network. The cerebral cortex, along with the thalamus and subcortical systems, sends signals to the BG. The BG in turn, with modulation from midbrain dopaminergic system, integrates and processes this cortical information for output, back to the cereb ...
THE BRAIN`S CONCEPTS: THE ROLE OF THE SENSORY
... actions themselves. The action of grasping has both a motor component (what you do in grasping) and various perceptual components (what it looks like for someone to grasp and what a graspable object looks like). Although we won’t discuss them here, there are other modalities involved as ...
... actions themselves. The action of grasping has both a motor component (what you do in grasping) and various perceptual components (what it looks like for someone to grasp and what a graspable object looks like). Although we won’t discuss them here, there are other modalities involved as ...
Physiology
... inhibition of the same neuron to shorten the duration of discharge and prevent any afterdischarge. This occurs, for example, with the spinal motor neurons (the ventral horn cells). Each spinal motor neuron regularly gives off a collateral branch which synapses with an inhibitory interneuron called " ...
... inhibition of the same neuron to shorten the duration of discharge and prevent any afterdischarge. This occurs, for example, with the spinal motor neurons (the ventral horn cells). Each spinal motor neuron regularly gives off a collateral branch which synapses with an inhibitory interneuron called " ...
Signal Integration in Thalamus: Labeled Lines Go
... the spatial extent over which it extracts visual information from the visual scene, whereas its stratification or ‘‘laminar’’ depth in the retina determines which presynaptic inputs are available to it and thus the quality of visual information it carries. As an entire group, the 30 RGC types proje ...
... the spatial extent over which it extracts visual information from the visual scene, whereas its stratification or ‘‘laminar’’ depth in the retina determines which presynaptic inputs are available to it and thus the quality of visual information it carries. As an entire group, the 30 RGC types proje ...
Gating of Sensory Input by Spontaneous Cortical Activity
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
Number, size and distribution of ganglion neurons in urinary bladder
... the wall of the urinary bladder has been found in several species, including man (Iwasaki, 1951; Gilpin et al, 1983), dog (Watanabe, 1954) and cat (Feher et al, 1979). Although in mammals much is known about the general arrangement and histochemistry of the intramural plexus of the urinary bladder ( ...
... the wall of the urinary bladder has been found in several species, including man (Iwasaki, 1951; Gilpin et al, 1983), dog (Watanabe, 1954) and cat (Feher et al, 1979). Although in mammals much is known about the general arrangement and histochemistry of the intramural plexus of the urinary bladder ( ...
Phase IIB / PHGY 825 Organization of the Brain Stem Organization
... projections. They may innervate multiple levels of the spinal cord, send collaterals to the brainstem and diencephalon, have bifurcating axons that give rise to both ascending and descending connections. They may also have large dendritic fields that allow them to receive synaptic inputs from ascend ...
... projections. They may innervate multiple levels of the spinal cord, send collaterals to the brainstem and diencephalon, have bifurcating axons that give rise to both ascending and descending connections. They may also have large dendritic fields that allow them to receive synaptic inputs from ascend ...
Somatosensory Cortical Activity in Relation to Arm Posture
... for lesion sites, identifying as many as possible. The identified lesions were localized by cross-checking the chamber map with the photographs of the cortical surface. ...
... for lesion sites, identifying as many as possible. The identified lesions were localized by cross-checking the chamber map with the photographs of the cortical surface. ...
Distributed Modular Architectures Linking Basal Ganglia
... Neurons have impressive morphological and physiological specializations (Llinas, 1988; Shepherd, 1990), which probably reflect their distinct information processing capabilities. Although we cannot review this topic in detail, it will be important to highlight a few prominent cellular specialization ...
... Neurons have impressive morphological and physiological specializations (Llinas, 1988; Shepherd, 1990), which probably reflect their distinct information processing capabilities. Although we cannot review this topic in detail, it will be important to highlight a few prominent cellular specialization ...
Fast Propagation of Firing Rates through Layered Networks of Noisy
... information transfer in biological networks or whether other coding schemes should be considered (Gray et al., 1989; Van Rullen and Thorpe, 2001). Although these coding issues have been studied extensively in single populations (Wilson and Cowan, 1972; Tsodyks and Sejnowski, 1995; van Vreeswijk and ...
... information transfer in biological networks or whether other coding schemes should be considered (Gray et al., 1989; Van Rullen and Thorpe, 2001). Although these coding issues have been studied extensively in single populations (Wilson and Cowan, 1972; Tsodyks and Sejnowski, 1995; van Vreeswijk and ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.