Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... Do individual RS neurons exert a uniform or diverse action on the MNs projecting through a given branch? We addressed this issue by applying a spike-sorting procedure to the discharges in the branch. Influences of seven RS neurons were analyzed. Figure 5 illustrates such analysis for the RS neuron t ...
... Do individual RS neurons exert a uniform or diverse action on the MNs projecting through a given branch? We addressed this issue by applying a spike-sorting procedure to the discharges in the branch. Influences of seven RS neurons were analyzed. Figure 5 illustrates such analysis for the RS neuron t ...
PDF file
... neurons in the same layer. The output of neuron A is used to inhibit the output of neuron B, which shares a part of the input field with A, totally or partially. As an example shown in Fig.6, the neighborhood of lateral inhibition contains (2h−1)×(2h−1) neurons, because neuron (i, j) and (i, j −h) do ...
... neurons in the same layer. The output of neuron A is used to inhibit the output of neuron B, which shares a part of the input field with A, totally or partially. As an example shown in Fig.6, the neighborhood of lateral inhibition contains (2h−1)×(2h−1) neurons, because neuron (i, j) and (i, j −h) do ...
Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... One of the strongest dogmas in clinical neurophysiology is that conveyed by the simiusculi and homunculi of Woolsey ŽWoolsey, 1958. and Penfield ŽPenfield and Rasmussen, 1950.. No one among all neuroscience textbooks fails to represent the suggestive picture of the two dwarfs with enormous hands and ...
... One of the strongest dogmas in clinical neurophysiology is that conveyed by the simiusculi and homunculi of Woolsey ŽWoolsey, 1958. and Penfield ŽPenfield and Rasmussen, 1950.. No one among all neuroscience textbooks fails to represent the suggestive picture of the two dwarfs with enormous hands and ...
Negatively-Correlated Firing - Department of Computer Science
... Understanding the functional meaning of particular aspects of neural architecture is a central objective of computational neuroscience. Inhibitory interneurons are very common in the neocortex, and lateral inhibition has been shown to play an important role in sharpening the distinctions between sim ...
... Understanding the functional meaning of particular aspects of neural architecture is a central objective of computational neuroscience. Inhibitory interneurons are very common in the neocortex, and lateral inhibition has been shown to play an important role in sharpening the distinctions between sim ...
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Central Chemoreception
... profound reduction of peripheral and central chemoreflexes [17–19]. A remarkable feature of the disease is that breathing is usually fairly normal during waking and responds normally to exercise and emotions [20,21]. These characteristics suggest that the CPG of CCHS patients must be largely intact, ...
... profound reduction of peripheral and central chemoreflexes [17–19]. A remarkable feature of the disease is that breathing is usually fairly normal during waking and responds normally to exercise and emotions [20,21]. These characteristics suggest that the CPG of CCHS patients must be largely intact, ...
A part of the cholinergic fibers in mouse superior cervical ganglia
... trunk showed a GABA-like immunoreactivity, and there were few GABA-like neurons in the spinal cord. Because their argument was based upon indirect evidence, further direct evidence is needed to elucidate the source of the GABAergic projection to the SCG. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAch ...
... trunk showed a GABA-like immunoreactivity, and there were few GABA-like neurons in the spinal cord. Because their argument was based upon indirect evidence, further direct evidence is needed to elucidate the source of the GABAergic projection to the SCG. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAch ...
Regulation of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis in Adult Brain—Recent
... damaged striatum (Arvidsson and others 2002; Parent and others 2002; Jin and others 2003; Zhang R, Zhang Z, Wang, and others 2004), a region in which neurogenesis does not occur in the intact brain. After differentiation, a substantial proportion of the new neurons express markers characteristic of ...
... damaged striatum (Arvidsson and others 2002; Parent and others 2002; Jin and others 2003; Zhang R, Zhang Z, Wang, and others 2004), a region in which neurogenesis does not occur in the intact brain. After differentiation, a substantial proportion of the new neurons express markers characteristic of ...
Thalamic Activity that Drives Visual Cortical Plasticity
... • A: Crosscorrelogram for pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons, grey line represents unity – Points indicating correlation for lid closure show the opposite pattern from retinal inactivation ...
... • A: Crosscorrelogram for pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons, grey line represents unity – Points indicating correlation for lid closure show the opposite pattern from retinal inactivation ...
Survival of cultured hippocampal neurons upon hypoxia
... Introduction: Gabapentin (GBP) is a novel analogue of GABA used widely in the treatment of epileptic partial seizures and neuropathic pain. GBP blocks Ca2+ channels in neural cell membrane and diminishes excitation of neurons. Such mechanism of action of this drug can predict GBP as a potential neur ...
... Introduction: Gabapentin (GBP) is a novel analogue of GABA used widely in the treatment of epileptic partial seizures and neuropathic pain. GBP blocks Ca2+ channels in neural cell membrane and diminishes excitation of neurons. Such mechanism of action of this drug can predict GBP as a potential neur ...
Neural Networks
... In most cases the binary input data can be modified to bipolar data. However the form of the data can change the problem from one that is solvable to a problem that cannot be solved. Binary representation is also not as good as the bipolar if we want the net to generalize. i.e. to respond to input d ...
... In most cases the binary input data can be modified to bipolar data. However the form of the data can change the problem from one that is solvable to a problem that cannot be solved. Binary representation is also not as good as the bipolar if we want the net to generalize. i.e. to respond to input d ...
pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab
... Each of our movements activates our own sensory receptors, and therefore keeping track of self-movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self-movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands1–13. This conce ...
... Each of our movements activates our own sensory receptors, and therefore keeping track of self-movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self-movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands1–13. This conce ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... and substantia nigra (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983) discharge tonically except in the interval around the saccade. Fixation is an active process. When monkeys actively fixate, the threshold for evoking saccades by electrical stimulation from the FEF (Goldberg et al., 1986) and superior colliculus (Schil ...
... and substantia nigra (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983) discharge tonically except in the interval around the saccade. Fixation is an active process. When monkeys actively fixate, the threshold for evoking saccades by electrical stimulation from the FEF (Goldberg et al., 1986) and superior colliculus (Schil ...
final scientific program
... of large populations of neurons gives rise to the higher order functions of the brain including learning, memory, cognition, perception, action and ultimately conscious awareness. Electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals over the past forty years have revealed considerable information abo ...
... of large populations of neurons gives rise to the higher order functions of the brain including learning, memory, cognition, perception, action and ultimately conscious awareness. Electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals over the past forty years have revealed considerable information abo ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson`s disease
... novel therapeutic strategies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, kinase pathways, calcium dysregulation and inflammation, are implicated in PD.1 Numerous cellular and animal models have been established to unravel the mechanism behind PD. However, the discoveries garnered from cellular mode ...
... novel therapeutic strategies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, kinase pathways, calcium dysregulation and inflammation, are implicated in PD.1 Numerous cellular and animal models have been established to unravel the mechanism behind PD. However, the discoveries garnered from cellular mode ...
Cholinergic Modulation of Arousal in the Pedunculopontine (PPN
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the cholinergic arm of the Reticular Activating System (RAS), which is active during waking and REM sleep. The PPN has ascending projections to the intralaminar thalamus, especially the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and descending projections to SubCoeruleus (Sub ...
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the cholinergic arm of the Reticular Activating System (RAS), which is active during waking and REM sleep. The PPN has ascending projections to the intralaminar thalamus, especially the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and descending projections to SubCoeruleus (Sub ...
1 Neural Affective Decision Theory: Choices, Brains, and Emotions
... According to our second principle, decision making is a neural process driven by coordinated dynamic interactions among multiple brain areas, including parts of prefrontal cortex as well as major subcortical systems. In particular, activity in brain regions involved in assessing and acting upon the ...
... According to our second principle, decision making is a neural process driven by coordinated dynamic interactions among multiple brain areas, including parts of prefrontal cortex as well as major subcortical systems. In particular, activity in brain regions involved in assessing and acting upon the ...
31 Relating the Activity of Sensory Neurons to Perception
... in a motion-direction discrimination task. To our knowledge, this is the only connection between sensory neurons and perception for which all of the questions below can be answered in the affirmative. In each section, we will describe the evidence linking MT with motion perception and also provide r ...
... in a motion-direction discrimination task. To our knowledge, this is the only connection between sensory neurons and perception for which all of the questions below can be answered in the affirmative. In each section, we will describe the evidence linking MT with motion perception and also provide r ...
Chapter 8
... Axons: undergo action potentials to deliver information, typically neurotransmitters, from the axon terminals. ...
... Axons: undergo action potentials to deliver information, typically neurotransmitters, from the axon terminals. ...
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interception of
... that of the hand velocity. Activity of two additional clusters (2 and 3; Figure 5, top) lagged behind that of Clusters 1 and 4 by about 150 msec in most target conditions. Activity of Cluster 3 displayed a phasic pattern in that it declined with a time course similar to that of hand velocity, wherea ...
... that of the hand velocity. Activity of two additional clusters (2 and 3; Figure 5, top) lagged behind that of Clusters 1 and 4 by about 150 msec in most target conditions. Activity of Cluster 3 displayed a phasic pattern in that it declined with a time course similar to that of hand velocity, wherea ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
Computational approaches to sensorimotor transformations
... Many network models of sensorimotor transformations rely on such basis function representations in their intermediate layer6-9. Biological plausibility of the basis function approach The basis function approach requires that the tuning curves of neurons in intermediate stages of computation provide ...
... Many network models of sensorimotor transformations rely on such basis function representations in their intermediate layer6-9. Biological plausibility of the basis function approach The basis function approach requires that the tuning curves of neurons in intermediate stages of computation provide ...
Timing of Impulses From the Central Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of
... Evoked responses were recorded in CE and BNST with highimpedance (10 –12 M⍀) tungsten microelectrodes (FHC, Bowdoin, ME). The positions of the microlectrodes were adjusted independently with micromanipulators. A subset of rats was prepared with electrolytic lesions of the stria terminalis. Such lesi ...
... Evoked responses were recorded in CE and BNST with highimpedance (10 –12 M⍀) tungsten microelectrodes (FHC, Bowdoin, ME). The positions of the microlectrodes were adjusted independently with micromanipulators. A subset of rats was prepared with electrolytic lesions of the stria terminalis. Such lesi ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.