Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... The pursuit of natural rewards such as food, drink and sex is a major external influence on human behavior. Nevertheless, the issue of how rewards affect human behavior remains largely unresolved. There are many factors that contribute to this gap in our knowledge; however, one roadblock has been th ...
... The pursuit of natural rewards such as food, drink and sex is a major external influence on human behavior. Nevertheless, the issue of how rewards affect human behavior remains largely unresolved. There are many factors that contribute to this gap in our knowledge; however, one roadblock has been th ...
Biomechanics Models Motor Cortex Using Spinal Cord and Limb
... of optimal control (Chow and Jacobson 1971; Engelbrecht 2001; Pandy 2001), which proposes that the system operates by optimizing a given cost function under the appropriate constraints. A second possible approach is to simply postulate an empirical redundancy resolution rule, verifying that it indee ...
... of optimal control (Chow and Jacobson 1971; Engelbrecht 2001; Pandy 2001), which proposes that the system operates by optimizing a given cost function under the appropriate constraints. A second possible approach is to simply postulate an empirical redundancy resolution rule, verifying that it indee ...
Parkinson`s Disease storyboard
... • As can be seen from previous studies, DA tone begins to fall after about an 80% loss of DA neurons. At that same point, PKD symptoms begin to become visible. Scientists were not surprised to find a correlation between these factors. What did surprise them was the large percentage of DA neurons and ...
... • As can be seen from previous studies, DA tone begins to fall after about an 80% loss of DA neurons. At that same point, PKD symptoms begin to become visible. Scientists were not surprised to find a correlation between these factors. What did surprise them was the large percentage of DA neurons and ...
Ch19 Lecture
... As a consequence, a reencounter with these stimulus conditions will activate the fear circuit (in red). The inhibitory influence of ITC-b neurons on central neurons will be removed and excitatory drive provided by fear neurons and prelimbic cortex neurons will increase. PL = prelimbic; IF = infralim ...
... As a consequence, a reencounter with these stimulus conditions will activate the fear circuit (in red). The inhibitory influence of ITC-b neurons on central neurons will be removed and excitatory drive provided by fear neurons and prelimbic cortex neurons will increase. PL = prelimbic; IF = infralim ...
RHYTHM GENERATION IN SPINAL CULTURES: IS IT THE
... function. In this model rhythm generation and alternation are explained by the reciprocal inhibition of two half-centers (for the left and the right side or for flexors and extensors) through crossing inhibitory axons. Later it was shown that rhythm generation but not alternation persisted in the pr ...
... function. In this model rhythm generation and alternation are explained by the reciprocal inhibition of two half-centers (for the left and the right side or for flexors and extensors) through crossing inhibitory axons. Later it was shown that rhythm generation but not alternation persisted in the pr ...
Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... consent for a protocol approved by the Emory University Human Investigations Committee. E xperimental task . While in the scanner, subjects received small amounts of orally delivered fruit juice and water in either a predictable or unpredictable manner. We chose a sequenced delivery of fruit juice a ...
... consent for a protocol approved by the Emory University Human Investigations Committee. E xperimental task . While in the scanner, subjects received small amounts of orally delivered fruit juice and water in either a predictable or unpredictable manner. We chose a sequenced delivery of fruit juice a ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping insp ...
... Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping insp ...
Lexical Plasticity in Early Bilinguals Does Not Alter Phoneme
... through intrapool cooperation and interpool competition. With a sufficiently strong synaptic connection binding two or more pools, one can also get cooperation between pools. These connection strengths or weights describe relative deviations of the synaptic conductivities from their average value ac ...
... through intrapool cooperation and interpool competition. With a sufficiently strong synaptic connection binding two or more pools, one can also get cooperation between pools. These connection strengths or weights describe relative deviations of the synaptic conductivities from their average value ac ...
Copy of Development of the spinal cord
... • Others will form the corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Still others—those of the internal capsule—will connect the cortical white matter to the brain stem, generally by way of the thalamus. • For example, the axons arising from the motor cort ...
... • Others will form the corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Still others—those of the internal capsule—will connect the cortical white matter to the brain stem, generally by way of the thalamus. • For example, the axons arising from the motor cort ...
Development of the spinal cord
... • Others will form the corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Still others—those of the internal capsule—will connect the cortical white matter to the brain stem, generally by way of the thalamus. • For example, the axons arising from the motor cort ...
... • Others will form the corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Still others—those of the internal capsule—will connect the cortical white matter to the brain stem, generally by way of the thalamus. • For example, the axons arising from the motor cort ...
ppt
... Csibra : “if mirror activity represents a copy of the observed motor act, it is not sufficiently general to capture the goal of that motor act; conversely, if it is sufficiently general for goal understanding, it cannot be interpreted in terms of a direct matching mechanism between sensory and mot ...
... Csibra : “if mirror activity represents a copy of the observed motor act, it is not sufficiently general to capture the goal of that motor act; conversely, if it is sufficiently general for goal understanding, it cannot be interpreted in terms of a direct matching mechanism between sensory and mot ...
Comparing neuronal and behavioral thresholds
... linear motion [4]. These neurons may play an important role in optic flow perception [5]. They can encode expanding and contracting spirals with similar accuracy as the animals [6]. It is, however, unclear whether this ability is restricted to coarse differences between these spiral types (Fig. 1), ...
... linear motion [4]. These neurons may play an important role in optic flow perception [5]. They can encode expanding and contracting spirals with similar accuracy as the animals [6]. It is, however, unclear whether this ability is restricted to coarse differences between these spiral types (Fig. 1), ...
The Cl Area of the Brainstem in Tonic and Reflex
... powerful elevation of AP and heart rate indicates that GABAergic mechanisms are tonically active.8 Anatomically, the presence of local GABAergic neurons,16 and the demonstration that these may produce direct synapses upon PNMT-containing cells,21 suggests strongly that GABAergic inhibition within th ...
... powerful elevation of AP and heart rate indicates that GABAergic mechanisms are tonically active.8 Anatomically, the presence of local GABAergic neurons,16 and the demonstration that these may produce direct synapses upon PNMT-containing cells,21 suggests strongly that GABAergic inhibition within th ...
Computation by Oscillations: Implications of Experimental Data
... Recordings in awake, behaving animals demonstrate that cells in medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) show ‘‘grid cell’’ firing activity when a rat explores an open environment. Intracellular recording in slices from different positions along the dorsal to ventral axis show differences in intrinsic propert ...
... Recordings in awake, behaving animals demonstrate that cells in medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) show ‘‘grid cell’’ firing activity when a rat explores an open environment. Intracellular recording in slices from different positions along the dorsal to ventral axis show differences in intrinsic propert ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ± s.d. SigmaStat 3.1 (Systat Software) with one-way analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons (Holm-Sidak test) was used to test for differen ...
... intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ± s.d. SigmaStat 3.1 (Systat Software) with one-way analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons (Holm-Sidak test) was used to test for differen ...
01_MEEG_Origin - University College London
... EEG history 1875: Richard Caton (1842-1926) measured currents inbetween the cortical surface and the skull, in dogs and monkeys 1929: Hans Berger (1873-1941) first EEG in humans (his young son), description of alpha and beta waves ...
... EEG history 1875: Richard Caton (1842-1926) measured currents inbetween the cortical surface and the skull, in dogs and monkeys 1929: Hans Berger (1873-1941) first EEG in humans (his young son), description of alpha and beta waves ...
Activity Overview Continued - The University of Texas Health
... 3. Review the background information below with the students prior to performing the role play. The homunculus or “little man” represents the sensory area of the cerebral cortex that interprets pain, touch, temperature, pressure and the motor area of the cerebral cortex which acts on the sensory inp ...
... 3. Review the background information below with the students prior to performing the role play. The homunculus or “little man” represents the sensory area of the cerebral cortex that interprets pain, touch, temperature, pressure and the motor area of the cerebral cortex which acts on the sensory inp ...
2 Brain and Classical Neural Networks
... the upper part of the spinal column. Various regions of the cerebral cortex are associated with very specific functions. The visual cortex , a region in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain, is responsible for the reception and interpretation of vision. The auditory cortex , in the temporal lo ...
... the upper part of the spinal column. Various regions of the cerebral cortex are associated with very specific functions. The visual cortex , a region in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain, is responsible for the reception and interpretation of vision. The auditory cortex , in the temporal lo ...
CASE 47
... The basal ganglia, located near the thalamus in the diencephalon, are composed of five pairs of nuclei: the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive synaptic input from motor cortex (as well as from sensory association and prefro ...
... The basal ganglia, located near the thalamus in the diencephalon, are composed of five pairs of nuclei: the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia receive synaptic input from motor cortex (as well as from sensory association and prefro ...
Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal
... Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat all ages, the morphological characteristics of MAP2-positive cells were very variable; some cells exhibited short and poorly rami®ed processes, while others had well developed ones (Fig. 2C±E). Different morphological types were observed, pyramidal-like neu ...
... Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat all ages, the morphological characteristics of MAP2-positive cells were very variable; some cells exhibited short and poorly rami®ed processes, while others had well developed ones (Fig. 2C±E). Different morphological types were observed, pyramidal-like neu ...
Fine tuning of vestibular apparatus in terrestrial snail at Earth and
... Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, The maintenance mechanism of the late, protein synthesis dependent phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic effectivity is critical for the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the earl ...
... Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, The maintenance mechanism of the late, protein synthesis dependent phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic effectivity is critical for the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the earl ...
- Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute
... Human speakers modulate the fundamental frequency (F0) of their utterances in order to express different ‘prosodic’ attitudes such as surprise or curiosity. How are these prosodic attitudes then decoded? The current research addresses the issue of how the temporal structure of F0 can be used in orde ...
... Human speakers modulate the fundamental frequency (F0) of their utterances in order to express different ‘prosodic’ attitudes such as surprise or curiosity. How are these prosodic attitudes then decoded? The current research addresses the issue of how the temporal structure of F0 can be used in orde ...
Neural basis of sensorimotor learning: modifying
... task where target color was no longer relevant, most of these neurons maintained their newly acquired sensitivity to the learned colors (as opposed to control colors, not used in learning; see Figure 2). This study implies that when an arbitrary sensory feature becomes behaviorally relevant, it can ...
... task where target color was no longer relevant, most of these neurons maintained their newly acquired sensitivity to the learned colors (as opposed to control colors, not used in learning; see Figure 2). This study implies that when an arbitrary sensory feature becomes behaviorally relevant, it can ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.