Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... above criteria were marked as multi units and analyzed separately. However, the criterion of an SNR .2 held for both single and multi units. Mean SNR for single units was 4.0 (range 2.2–7.5). These criteria were deliberately set to be very conservative in order not to confound estimates of spontaneo ...
... above criteria were marked as multi units and analyzed separately. However, the criterion of an SNR .2 held for both single and multi units. Mean SNR for single units was 4.0 (range 2.2–7.5). These criteria were deliberately set to be very conservative in order not to confound estimates of spontaneo ...
Sensorimotor Neural Plasticity following Hand Transplantation
... the axonal growth to the repair site even if there is surgical repair. Consequently, regenerating motor and sensory neurons can abruptly reinnervate onto organs that were not the original target organs even though it is a different function and territory. The result of this abrupt reinnervation can ...
... the axonal growth to the repair site even if there is surgical repair. Consequently, regenerating motor and sensory neurons can abruptly reinnervate onto organs that were not the original target organs even though it is a different function and territory. The result of this abrupt reinnervation can ...
Role of Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Interactions in the Pathogenesis
... neuromodulators in respiratory-related neurons. A variety of such substances have been implicated in neonatal respiratory control and some, such as serotonin and adenosine, may have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated (Fig 1). Although prostaglandins and end ...
... neuromodulators in respiratory-related neurons. A variety of such substances have been implicated in neonatal respiratory control and some, such as serotonin and adenosine, may have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated (Fig 1). Although prostaglandins and end ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
... Dendrites: Branching fibers that extend from the cell body and get narrower at their end. The dendrite’s surface is lined with specialized synaptic receptors, at which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. Dendritic spines: Short outgrowths found on some dendritic branches. Cell body ...
... Dendrites: Branching fibers that extend from the cell body and get narrower at their end. The dendrite’s surface is lined with specialized synaptic receptors, at which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. Dendritic spines: Short outgrowths found on some dendritic branches. Cell body ...
Neurons - Sonoma Valley High School
... – Schwann cells produce myelin (lipoprotein) – Nodes of Ranvier create gaps in myelin sheath. ...
... – Schwann cells produce myelin (lipoprotein) – Nodes of Ranvier create gaps in myelin sheath. ...
Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... Functional anatomy of the gustatory system Figure 1a shows a schematic diagram of the principle gustatory pathways [2,3]. Transduction of chemical information occurs in the oral cavity when chemicals make contact with taste receptor cells [4••,5••]. Primary gustatory neurons course within the CNS cr ...
... Functional anatomy of the gustatory system Figure 1a shows a schematic diagram of the principle gustatory pathways [2,3]. Transduction of chemical information occurs in the oral cavity when chemicals make contact with taste receptor cells [4••,5••]. Primary gustatory neurons course within the CNS cr ...
Exploration of Variability of Arkypallidal and Prototypical Projections
... injected into the mouse brain. The helper virus will bind to Cre positive cells and transfer their genome so that Cre positive cells exclusively express an avian-specific retroviral receptor (TVA) and G. TVA is the receptor that makes it possible for the rabies virus to bind to the cells and the fun ...
... injected into the mouse brain. The helper virus will bind to Cre positive cells and transfer their genome so that Cre positive cells exclusively express an avian-specific retroviral receptor (TVA) and G. TVA is the receptor that makes it possible for the rabies virus to bind to the cells and the fun ...
The quantitative single-neuron modeling competition | SpringerLink
... In contrast to detailed Hodgkin–Huxley-type models, very simple models have only a small number of parameters which can be automatically and easily extracted from electrophysiological recordings. In the 1970s and 1980s, researchers started to develop methods for the extraction of simple neuron model ...
... In contrast to detailed Hodgkin–Huxley-type models, very simple models have only a small number of parameters which can be automatically and easily extracted from electrophysiological recordings. In the 1970s and 1980s, researchers started to develop methods for the extraction of simple neuron model ...
Glial Signaling Take Home Messages
... i. caffeine inhibits the effects of sleep deprivation by blocking adenosine A1 receptors b. During sleep deprivation, sleep homeostat increases the drive to sleep i. drive to sleep = Sleep pressure c. Sleep deprivation causes cognitive deficits i. Sleep deprivation → ↓ L-LTP d. Sleep comes in 2 stag ...
... i. caffeine inhibits the effects of sleep deprivation by blocking adenosine A1 receptors b. During sleep deprivation, sleep homeostat increases the drive to sleep i. drive to sleep = Sleep pressure c. Sleep deprivation causes cognitive deficits i. Sleep deprivation → ↓ L-LTP d. Sleep comes in 2 stag ...
Noradrenergic Modulation of Activity in a Vocal Control Nucleus In
... Extracellular recordings of the spontaneous activity of 108 isolated RA neurons (median peak-to-peak spike height was 0.52 mV) were made in the brain slices. As previously reported in vivo (Adret and Margoliash 2002; Yu and Margoliash 1996) and in vitro (Mooney 1992), RA neurons exhibited spontaneou ...
... Extracellular recordings of the spontaneous activity of 108 isolated RA neurons (median peak-to-peak spike height was 0.52 mV) were made in the brain slices. As previously reported in vivo (Adret and Margoliash 2002; Yu and Margoliash 1996) and in vitro (Mooney 1992), RA neurons exhibited spontaneou ...
Compared to other cortical areas, muscle contraction is most easily
... long-term effects are less pronounced than often assumed. Careful testing is required to discern long-term motor deficits and, although much emphasis has been placed on species differences, comparable deficits follow pyramidal-tract transections in macaque monkeys, marsupial phalangers, rats, and ha ...
... long-term effects are less pronounced than often assumed. Careful testing is required to discern long-term motor deficits and, although much emphasis has been placed on species differences, comparable deficits follow pyramidal-tract transections in macaque monkeys, marsupial phalangers, rats, and ha ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead us to hypothesize that recognition molecules ensure reciprocally speci®c connections of ORNs and projection neurons. These studies also imply a previously unanticipated role for pre ...
... hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead us to hypothesize that recognition molecules ensure reciprocally speci®c connections of ORNs and projection neurons. These studies also imply a previously unanticipated role for pre ...
Nonlinear brain dynamics as macroscopic manifestation of
... of resynchronization during a phase transition over an area of cortex. The delays are measurable as brief but distance-dependent phase lags at the various frequencies of oscillation (Freeman, 2004b). However, the length of most axons in cortex is a small fraction of observed distances of long-range ...
... of resynchronization during a phase transition over an area of cortex. The delays are measurable as brief but distance-dependent phase lags at the various frequencies of oscillation (Freeman, 2004b). However, the length of most axons in cortex is a small fraction of observed distances of long-range ...
Spike Train - CMU Statistics
... A spike train is a sequence of recorded times at which a neuron fires an action potential. When the voltage drop across a neural soma or axon membrane is recorded, intermittent pulses of roughly 100 millivolts over 1-2 milliseconds are observed—these are action potentials or “spikes.” On a behaviora ...
... A spike train is a sequence of recorded times at which a neuron fires an action potential. When the voltage drop across a neural soma or axon membrane is recorded, intermittent pulses of roughly 100 millivolts over 1-2 milliseconds are observed—these are action potentials or “spikes.” On a behaviora ...
Neural Coding and Auditory Perception
... in the anechoic condition, indicating that reverberation degrades temporal coding, as expected. However, phase locking was on average better for reverberant stimuli than for anechoic stimuli whose modulation depth was matched to the average modulation depth of the reverberant stimulus. This suggests ...
... in the anechoic condition, indicating that reverberation degrades temporal coding, as expected. However, phase locking was on average better for reverberant stimuli than for anechoic stimuli whose modulation depth was matched to the average modulation depth of the reverberant stimulus. This suggests ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS - Test Bank, Manual Solution, Solution Manual
... Dendrites: Branching fibers that extend from the cell body and get narrower at their end. The dendrite’s surface is lined with specialized synaptic receptors, at which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. Dendritic spines: Short outgrowths found on some dendritic branches. Cell body ...
... Dendrites: Branching fibers that extend from the cell body and get narrower at their end. The dendrite’s surface is lined with specialized synaptic receptors, at which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. Dendritic spines: Short outgrowths found on some dendritic branches. Cell body ...
The neurophysiological correlates of motor tics following focal
... The cortico-basal ganglia pathway is involved in normal motor control and implicated in multiple movement disorders. Brief repetitive muscle contractions known as motor tics are a common symptom in several basal ganglia related motor disorders. We used focal micro-injections of the GABA-A antagonist ...
... The cortico-basal ganglia pathway is involved in normal motor control and implicated in multiple movement disorders. Brief repetitive muscle contractions known as motor tics are a common symptom in several basal ganglia related motor disorders. We used focal micro-injections of the GABA-A antagonist ...
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
... Summation It needs to be understood that in many cases, the neurotransmitters released from a single neuron are not enough to reach the threshold level in the postsynaptic neuron which means an action potential will NOT occur. The effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters released f ...
... Summation It needs to be understood that in many cases, the neurotransmitters released from a single neuron are not enough to reach the threshold level in the postsynaptic neuron which means an action potential will NOT occur. The effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters released f ...
Artificial Neural Networks—Modern Systems for Safety Control
... Figure 5. Neuron Sj can have one of two states: 0 (rest) or 1 (firing). This depends on the states of other neurons Sv S2, ... , Sk and the connections J,.,, Ji2, ... , J|k between these neurons and neuron S,. Activation function f represents the dynamic characteristic of the neuron. ...
... Figure 5. Neuron Sj can have one of two states: 0 (rest) or 1 (firing). This depends on the states of other neurons Sv S2, ... , Sk and the connections J,.,, Ji2, ... , J|k between these neurons and neuron S,. Activation function f represents the dynamic characteristic of the neuron. ...
A Beginner`s Guide to the Mathematics of Neural Networks
... membrane potential and ring state). Right: close-up of a typical synapse. decrease. In the rst case the arriving signal will increase the probability of the receiving neuron to start ring itself, therefore such a synapse is called excitatory. In the second case the arriving signal will decrease t ...
... membrane potential and ring state). Right: close-up of a typical synapse. decrease. In the rst case the arriving signal will increase the probability of the receiving neuron to start ring itself, therefore such a synapse is called excitatory. In the second case the arriving signal will decrease t ...
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of observation and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. Numerous experimental studies support a functional role of neural oscillations; a unified interpretation, however, is still lacking.