Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... in the visual association cortex but low levels in the inferior frontal cortex ...
... in the visual association cortex but low levels in the inferior frontal cortex ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... Animals receive important information about their environment via their sensory organs, enabling organisms to respond appropriately to external cues. The olfactory system plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurate ...
... Animals receive important information about their environment via their sensory organs, enabling organisms to respond appropriately to external cues. The olfactory system plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurate ...
Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines
... as has been shown in several myeloid cell types including dendritic cells, monocytes, immortalized murine macrophages, and microglia (Alberati-Giani et al., 1996; Fujigaki et al., 2006; Jung et al., 2007; O’connor et al., 2009a). In human macrophages, IDO expression and QUIN production can also be i ...
... as has been shown in several myeloid cell types including dendritic cells, monocytes, immortalized murine macrophages, and microglia (Alberati-Giani et al., 1996; Fujigaki et al., 2006; Jung et al., 2007; O’connor et al., 2009a). In human macrophages, IDO expression and QUIN production can also be i ...
Dr.Kaan Yücel http://yeditepeanatomy1.org Introduction to anatomy
... The following two years, you will have your anatomy class. I think starting these two years with a definition of anatomy would be wise. Besides, I love etymology (the science dealing with the origins of the words). In the exams, however, you will not be responsible on my etymology interest. But you ...
... The following two years, you will have your anatomy class. I think starting these two years with a definition of anatomy would be wise. Besides, I love etymology (the science dealing with the origins of the words). In the exams, however, you will not be responsible on my etymology interest. But you ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... release in the dopaminergic system5 as well as addiction.6 Previous cross-sectional studies have revealed that children who play large amounts of videogame and professional online gamers exhibited increased cortical thickness and regional gray matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC ...
... release in the dopaminergic system5 as well as addiction.6 Previous cross-sectional studies have revealed that children who play large amounts of videogame and professional online gamers exhibited increased cortical thickness and regional gray matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... A description of the basic principles underlying intrinsic signal optical imaging of responses in visual cortex of anesthetized paralyzed animals can be found in Bonhoe¡er and Grinvald (1996). In brief, presentation of large oriented visual stimuli causes a decrease in the re£ectance of responsive r ...
... A description of the basic principles underlying intrinsic signal optical imaging of responses in visual cortex of anesthetized paralyzed animals can be found in Bonhoe¡er and Grinvald (1996). In brief, presentation of large oriented visual stimuli causes a decrease in the re£ectance of responsive r ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... Food perception and preference formation relies on the ability to combine information from both the taste and olfactory systems. Accordingly, psychophysical investigations in humans and behavioral work in animals has shown that the taste system plays an integral role in odor processing. However, the ...
... Food perception and preference formation relies on the ability to combine information from both the taste and olfactory systems. Accordingly, psychophysical investigations in humans and behavioral work in animals has shown that the taste system plays an integral role in odor processing. However, the ...
Document
... 29.3 The Senses • If I blindfolded you and place you in the back of the room would you reach the door? • Your sensory organs and your brain allow you to perceive stimuli as various sounds, sights, smells, and ...
... 29.3 The Senses • If I blindfolded you and place you in the back of the room would you reach the door? • Your sensory organs and your brain allow you to perceive stimuli as various sounds, sights, smells, and ...
Architecture and distribution of human corneal nerves
... corneas harvested within the first two post mortem days and in the post-surgical specimens. They appeared as linear structures running in the superficial layer of the cornea with frequent Yshaped bifurcations and re-unions or unions with other branches and contained densely stained fine granular struct ...
... corneas harvested within the first two post mortem days and in the post-surgical specimens. They appeared as linear structures running in the superficial layer of the cornea with frequent Yshaped bifurcations and re-unions or unions with other branches and contained densely stained fine granular struct ...
Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... buffer wash. Sections were then incubated with DAB (Sigma), 0.0002% H2O2, and 0.6% nickel ammonium sulfate in Tris buffer solution to produce a black Fos nuclear stain. Tissue was transferred to Tris buffer to stop the reaction, washed, and transferred to PBS with 1% sodium azide for 45 min. For sub ...
... buffer wash. Sections were then incubated with DAB (Sigma), 0.0002% H2O2, and 0.6% nickel ammonium sulfate in Tris buffer solution to produce a black Fos nuclear stain. Tissue was transferred to Tris buffer to stop the reaction, washed, and transferred to PBS with 1% sodium azide for 45 min. For sub ...
Primate Frontal Eye Fields. II. Physiological and Anatomical
... the functional physiology of this cortex. Because there is little presaccadic activity in the frontal eye fields when monkeys make spontaneous eye movements (5, 6, 8), it has been suggested that the frontal eye fields have no role in generation of saccades and that the elicited eye movements reflect ...
... the functional physiology of this cortex. Because there is little presaccadic activity in the frontal eye fields when monkeys make spontaneous eye movements (5, 6, 8), it has been suggested that the frontal eye fields have no role in generation of saccades and that the elicited eye movements reflect ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... that feedback sensory signals do not directly affect the timing of the response. The term is somewhat misleading, however, because it suggests that actions controlled in this way are independent of sensory signals. In fact, feed-forward control must rely on a great deal of information—from sensors a ...
... that feedback sensory signals do not directly affect the timing of the response. The term is somewhat misleading, however, because it suggests that actions controlled in this way are independent of sensory signals. In fact, feed-forward control must rely on a great deal of information—from sensors a ...
Paper
... cingulate and frontal agranular areas. In macaques, Pearson et al. (1982) and Tanne-Gariepy et al. (2002) examined claustrum afferents to lateral prefrontal areas, including areas 8, 9, 12, and 46, and to motor and premotor areas of frontal cortex. These studies showed that projections to area 46 we ...
... cingulate and frontal agranular areas. In macaques, Pearson et al. (1982) and Tanne-Gariepy et al. (2002) examined claustrum afferents to lateral prefrontal areas, including areas 8, 9, 12, and 46, and to motor and premotor areas of frontal cortex. These studies showed that projections to area 46 we ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... peripheral afferents. Most cases of traumatic spinal cord injury result in a partial transection of ascending and/or descending tracts and incomplete impairment of sensory or motor functions, whereas only a small fraction represents complete transections (Rowland et al. 2008). Next to the initial ax ...
... peripheral afferents. Most cases of traumatic spinal cord injury result in a partial transection of ascending and/or descending tracts and incomplete impairment of sensory or motor functions, whereas only a small fraction represents complete transections (Rowland et al. 2008). Next to the initial ax ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... covariance or functional connectivity patterns were identified. The first pattern mainly reflected similarities between groups, with strong interrelations between the subcortical auditory system and the thalamocortical visual system, cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, and midline thalamus. This pat ...
... covariance or functional connectivity patterns were identified. The first pattern mainly reflected similarities between groups, with strong interrelations between the subcortical auditory system and the thalamocortical visual system, cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, and midline thalamus. This pat ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... taste and food reward systems operate somewhat differently from those of primates and humans (114–116). In brief, the taste system is different in rodents in that there is a pontine taste area, which then projects subcortically, whereas in primates there is no pontine taste area, and cortical proces ...
... taste and food reward systems operate somewhat differently from those of primates and humans (114–116). In brief, the taste system is different in rodents in that there is a pontine taste area, which then projects subcortically, whereas in primates there is no pontine taste area, and cortical proces ...
Common Mechanisms Underlying Growth Cone Guidance and Axon
... In the callosal tract growth cones advance rapidly and steadily, displaying continual shape changes. These primary growth cones do not make turns into cortical targets but extend well beyond them. Subsequently, axon branches tipped by small growth cones develop interstitially from the axon shaft and ...
... In the callosal tract growth cones advance rapidly and steadily, displaying continual shape changes. These primary growth cones do not make turns into cortical targets but extend well beyond them. Subsequently, axon branches tipped by small growth cones develop interstitially from the axon shaft and ...
Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... under the premise that these regions are functionally distinct w69,161,162,173,254,255,277,279x. These labels have also been used to organize data from functional imaging experiments carried out on humans w204x. In this nomenclature, F2 corresponds with the premotor area, F3 with the supplementary m ...
... under the premise that these regions are functionally distinct w69,161,162,173,254,255,277,279x. These labels have also been used to organize data from functional imaging experiments carried out on humans w204x. In this nomenclature, F2 corresponds with the premotor area, F3 with the supplementary m ...
Modality-Based Organization of Ascending Somatosensory Axons in
... 90.8% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents (red trace) were included in the “small” category. With a threshold of 3.08 m 2, 99% of mouse proprioceptors were included in the “large” category, whereas 81.1% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents were included in the “small” category. Because the axon s ...
... 90.8% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents (red trace) were included in the “small” category. With a threshold of 3.08 m 2, 99% of mouse proprioceptors were included in the “large” category, whereas 81.1% of mouse RA mechanosensory afferents were included in the “small” category. Because the axon s ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala (AMG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). These forebrain regions will be referred to as the DA terminal regions. The neural mechanisms underlying this type of rewardrelated learning in this system are not fully understo ...
... (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala (AMG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). These forebrain regions will be referred to as the DA terminal regions. The neural mechanisms underlying this type of rewardrelated learning in this system are not fully understo ...
Isoform-specific expression and function of neuregulin
... neuregulin, demonstrating an essential role of erbB2 as a coreceptor for erbB3 and erbB4 (Lee et al., 1995). An extraordinary variety of different isoforms are produced from the neuregulin gene (Holmes et al., 1992; Wen et al., 1992; Falls et al., 1993; Marchionni et al., 1993; Wen et al., 1994; Ho ...
... neuregulin, demonstrating an essential role of erbB2 as a coreceptor for erbB3 and erbB4 (Lee et al., 1995). An extraordinary variety of different isoforms are produced from the neuregulin gene (Holmes et al., 1992; Wen et al., 1992; Falls et al., 1993; Marchionni et al., 1993; Wen et al., 1994; Ho ...
Representing Spatial Relationships in Posterior
... viewer-centered frames of reference. This provides evidence that the activity of a subpopulation of parietal neurons active in the construction task represented relative position as referenced to an object and not absolute position with respect to the viewer. ...
... viewer-centered frames of reference. This provides evidence that the activity of a subpopulation of parietal neurons active in the construction task represented relative position as referenced to an object and not absolute position with respect to the viewer. ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.