Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
... In fovea about 50,000 ganglion cells per sq. mm. In periphery about 1000 ganglion cell per sq. mm. ...
... In fovea about 50,000 ganglion cells per sq. mm. In periphery about 1000 ganglion cell per sq. mm. ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... In principle, the visual system could adjust to recent sensory input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered r ...
... In principle, the visual system could adjust to recent sensory input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered r ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... The mean discharge rate in each task period was compared with that in the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the ...
... The mean discharge rate in each task period was compared with that in the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... wakefulness. The autonomic tone increases resulting in fast and irregular respiration, increased heart rate and elevated brain temperature. The brain glucose metabolism increases significantly in the thalamus, the limbic system and the pontine reticular formation during REM sleep as compared to quie ...
... wakefulness. The autonomic tone increases resulting in fast and irregular respiration, increased heart rate and elevated brain temperature. The brain glucose metabolism increases significantly in the thalamus, the limbic system and the pontine reticular formation during REM sleep as compared to quie ...
Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... 1993), does not have such a property (Stevens and Zador, 1998; Sakai et al., 1999; Shinomoto et al., 1999). To obtain an alternative measure, Miura et al. (2006a,b) studied a decomposition of fluctuating neuronal firing into firing rate and irregularity when spike generation obeys the gamma process, ...
... 1993), does not have such a property (Stevens and Zador, 1998; Sakai et al., 1999; Shinomoto et al., 1999). To obtain an alternative measure, Miura et al. (2006a,b) studied a decomposition of fluctuating neuronal firing into firing rate and irregularity when spike generation obeys the gamma process, ...
The Neuroscientist
... according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high” (American National Standards Institute [ANSI] 1994). In addition to forming the basis for music, pitch cues can be used to identify a speaker (Gelfer and Mikos 2005; Smith and others 2005) or determine the speakers’ emotional stat ...
... according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high” (American National Standards Institute [ANSI] 1994). In addition to forming the basis for music, pitch cues can be used to identify a speaker (Gelfer and Mikos 2005; Smith and others 2005) or determine the speakers’ emotional stat ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Area TE is located at the latter part of the ventral visual cortical pathway, which is essential for visual recognition of objects. TE projects heavily to the perirhinal region, which is important for visual recognition memory of objects. To study the organization of projections from TE to the perir ...
... Area TE is located at the latter part of the ventral visual cortical pathway, which is essential for visual recognition of objects. TE projects heavily to the perirhinal region, which is important for visual recognition memory of objects. To study the organization of projections from TE to the perir ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very helpful illustration of the importance of regulating excitability of neural circuit in fee ...
... organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very helpful illustration of the importance of regulating excitability of neural circuit in fee ...
2906_lect8
... Study of stereoisomers Molecules that are mirror-image rotations of one another; although they contain the same atoms, they can smell completely different Vibration theory cannot explain this phenomenon ...
... Study of stereoisomers Molecules that are mirror-image rotations of one another; although they contain the same atoms, they can smell completely different Vibration theory cannot explain this phenomenon ...
Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and
... orobranchial region. Thus, branches of the vagal complex transmit either exteroceptive- or interocsptive-visceral information from the external and internal milieus, respectively (Fig. lb). Such a functional-anatomical classification is found to be more useful for an analysis of the neural organizat ...
... orobranchial region. Thus, branches of the vagal complex transmit either exteroceptive- or interocsptive-visceral information from the external and internal milieus, respectively (Fig. lb). Such a functional-anatomical classification is found to be more useful for an analysis of the neural organizat ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... concert with each other. The importance of their relation is evident in that they are recurrently and extensively interconnected with one another, the neocortex accesses information about the external world primarily via the thalamus, and the largest input to the thalamus arrives from the neocortex. ...
... concert with each other. The importance of their relation is evident in that they are recurrently and extensively interconnected with one another, the neocortex accesses information about the external world primarily via the thalamus, and the largest input to the thalamus arrives from the neocortex. ...
between the cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Brain
... CM and CB is 6.4 cm, while the distance from CM to CCC (via cisterna ambiens either by brain convexity or brain base) is about 8-9 cm. The distance between CM and lumbar CSF at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra is very long, i.e. 69,3 cm. One and an half hour after the injection into CM a relat ...
... CM and CB is 6.4 cm, while the distance from CM to CCC (via cisterna ambiens either by brain convexity or brain base) is about 8-9 cm. The distance between CM and lumbar CSF at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra is very long, i.e. 69,3 cm. One and an half hour after the injection into CM a relat ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... The “substantia nigra” or “black substance” derives its name from the strong black/brown pigmentation that accumulates in the cytoplasm of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the S ...
... The “substantia nigra” or “black substance” derives its name from the strong black/brown pigmentation that accumulates in the cytoplasm of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the S ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
Psilocybin Final Project-PDF
... 4-HIA gets oxidized, believed to be by hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, to 4-hydroxyindol-3acetic acid (4-HIAA) and 4-hydroxytryptofol (4-HT). However, only about 4% of psilocin gets degraded in this way. ...
... 4-HIA gets oxidized, believed to be by hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, to 4-hydroxyindol-3acetic acid (4-HIAA) and 4-hydroxytryptofol (4-HT). However, only about 4% of psilocin gets degraded in this way. ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... current shortcomings (low strength, random organization, multiple pore size, and uncontrolled pore connectivity) that plague bone substitutes are eliminated by this innovative approach. Current ceramic and metallic implant materials have serious shortcomings because of the mismatch of physical prope ...
... current shortcomings (low strength, random organization, multiple pore size, and uncontrolled pore connectivity) that plague bone substitutes are eliminated by this innovative approach. Current ceramic and metallic implant materials have serious shortcomings because of the mismatch of physical prope ...
Learning to classify complex patterns using a VLSI network of
... difficult computational problem that artificial neural networks are confronted with. The performance of classical neural network models depends critically on an unrealistic feature, the fact that their synapses have unbounded weight. In contrast, biological synapses face the hard limit of physical b ...
... difficult computational problem that artificial neural networks are confronted with. The performance of classical neural network models depends critically on an unrealistic feature, the fact that their synapses have unbounded weight. In contrast, biological synapses face the hard limit of physical b ...
Stimulus Dependence of Local Field Potential Spectra: Experiment
... quantitatively the key aspects and parameters of network dynamics. An example of the richness of network representation of stimuli revealed by LFPs comes from studies of visual cortex. The LFP power in primary visual cortex (V1) carries visual information in the gamma (50 –100 Hz) and high-gamma (⬎1 ...
... quantitatively the key aspects and parameters of network dynamics. An example of the richness of network representation of stimuli revealed by LFPs comes from studies of visual cortex. The LFP power in primary visual cortex (V1) carries visual information in the gamma (50 –100 Hz) and high-gamma (⬎1 ...
RESULTATS Capítol 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 71
... by specific signals as the main mechanism by which neuronal connections are first established between brain areas (Huber et al., 2003; Mueller, 1999), while activitydependent plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism for the final refinement and maturation of connections (Katz and Shatz, 1996). A ...
... by specific signals as the main mechanism by which neuronal connections are first established between brain areas (Huber et al., 2003; Mueller, 1999), while activitydependent plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism for the final refinement and maturation of connections (Katz and Shatz, 1996). A ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
... opposed to facial view), as well as showing significant interactions between facial views and facial identity, respectively. The 131 face neurons showing a significant effect in response to facial views were further analyzed. In this paper, we focused on neuronal responses to match stimuli. However, ...
... opposed to facial view), as well as showing significant interactions between facial views and facial identity, respectively. The 131 face neurons showing a significant effect in response to facial views were further analyzed. In this paper, we focused on neuronal responses to match stimuli. However, ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... true of neocortical slices from randomly chosen regions including frontal, temporal, and occipital areas. This result indicates that initiation sites for generating epileptiform activity can be formed spontaneously regardless of the region of cortex. The initiation site in each stained cortical slic ...
... true of neocortical slices from randomly chosen regions including frontal, temporal, and occipital areas. This result indicates that initiation sites for generating epileptiform activity can be formed spontaneously regardless of the region of cortex. The initiation site in each stained cortical slic ...
Ch_14_lecture_presentation
... Filum terminale: becomes a component of the coccygeal ligament • Posterior and anterior median sulci ...
... Filum terminale: becomes a component of the coccygeal ligament • Posterior and anterior median sulci ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.