The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... dendrites, and initial segments of the axons is observed (Chang et al., 1983). STN neurons have two to eight dendritic trunks that give rise to thinner dendrites, whose ®elds are usually oval with their long axis parallel to the long axis of the nucleus, extending up to 750 mm in primates (Rafols an ...
... dendrites, and initial segments of the axons is observed (Chang et al., 1983). STN neurons have two to eight dendritic trunks that give rise to thinner dendrites, whose ®elds are usually oval with their long axis parallel to the long axis of the nucleus, extending up to 750 mm in primates (Rafols an ...
Chapter 14 - Brain and Spinal Cord
... cerebrum, and spinal cord Contains four groups of components: sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII – They innervate the jaw muscles, the anterior surface of the face, one of the extraocular muscles, and the sense organs of the inner ...
... cerebrum, and spinal cord Contains four groups of components: sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII – They innervate the jaw muscles, the anterior surface of the face, one of the extraocular muscles, and the sense organs of the inner ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... hotspot of posterior VP identified by Smith and Berridge (Smith and Berridge, 2005, 2007; Tindell et al., 2006). Anchoring bone screws in the skull served as ground reference electrodes. Animals were allowed 7 d to recover before training and testing began. Pavlovian training. Training and testing w ...
... hotspot of posterior VP identified by Smith and Berridge (Smith and Berridge, 2005, 2007; Tindell et al., 2006). Anchoring bone screws in the skull served as ground reference electrodes. Animals were allowed 7 d to recover before training and testing began. Pavlovian training. Training and testing w ...
surgical anatomy of dorsal root entry zone of cervical spinal nerves
... Background: The main purpose of this study is to determine the detailed morphometric data of Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) of cervical spinal nerves. This knowledge is necessary for diagnosis, treatment and surgical management of pain due to many conditions like brachial plexus avulsion injury, post ...
... Background: The main purpose of this study is to determine the detailed morphometric data of Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) of cervical spinal nerves. This knowledge is necessary for diagnosis, treatment and surgical management of pain due to many conditions like brachial plexus avulsion injury, post ...
Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in
... most easily understood with the aid of computer simulations that are tightly constrained by the simple geometry of the cell and the dual electrode recordings. In simulations of actionpotential initiation in response to injected current, shifts in action-potential initiation between different sites a ...
... most easily understood with the aid of computer simulations that are tightly constrained by the simple geometry of the cell and the dual electrode recordings. In simulations of actionpotential initiation in response to injected current, shifts in action-potential initiation between different sites a ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... differences in the trajectories of fibers from different vPFC areas. Overall, the medial/lateral vPFC position dictates the route that fibers take to enter major WM tracts, as well as the position within specific tracts: axons from medial vPFC regions travel ventral to those from more lateral areas. ...
... differences in the trajectories of fibers from different vPFC areas. Overall, the medial/lateral vPFC position dictates the route that fibers take to enter major WM tracts, as well as the position within specific tracts: axons from medial vPFC regions travel ventral to those from more lateral areas. ...
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are
... localised? Recent analyses of mice with a reduced complement of mitral cells have suggested that these postsynaptic neurons are not involved in the sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons to their topographic targets (Bulfone et al., 1998). However, it was unclear whether cues present on ...
... localised? Recent analyses of mice with a reduced complement of mitral cells have suggested that these postsynaptic neurons are not involved in the sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons to their topographic targets (Bulfone et al., 1998). However, it was unclear whether cues present on ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... A dynamic interplay exists between the processes of cortical arealization and those controlling the guidance and targeting of thalamocortical projections [1–5]. Early in development, both the thalamic field and the cortical sheet appear homogeneous in cytoarchitecture, and connections between them fo ...
... A dynamic interplay exists between the processes of cortical arealization and those controlling the guidance and targeting of thalamocortical projections [1–5]. Early in development, both the thalamic field and the cortical sheet appear homogeneous in cytoarchitecture, and connections between them fo ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... observation undermines the model of synaptic scaling as a global mechanism that scales synaptic weights in response to changes in postsynaptic firing. I would argue instead that these global and local mechanisms likely represent fundamentally different forms of plasticity. The preponderance of evide ...
... observation undermines the model of synaptic scaling as a global mechanism that scales synaptic weights in response to changes in postsynaptic firing. I would argue instead that these global and local mechanisms likely represent fundamentally different forms of plasticity. The preponderance of evide ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... studies have found an association between low levels of leptin and major depressive disorders.25–27 Of note, a recent study by Lawson et al.28 reported an inverse correlation between leptin levels and the severity of depression symptoms. These correlational studies suggest that leptin signaling may ...
... studies have found an association between low levels of leptin and major depressive disorders.25–27 Of note, a recent study by Lawson et al.28 reported an inverse correlation between leptin levels and the severity of depression symptoms. These correlational studies suggest that leptin signaling may ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... is comprised of multiple segregated subcircuits, centered on individual cortical areas. While the segregated circuit hypothesis emphasizes segregation, some degree of convergence cannot be ruled out. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops are not always c ...
... is comprised of multiple segregated subcircuits, centered on individual cortical areas. While the segregated circuit hypothesis emphasizes segregation, some degree of convergence cannot be ruled out. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops are not always c ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... of a conflict stimulus (e.g. the word GREEN displayed in red), because there is a strong prepotent tendency to read the word (“green”), which competes with the response to the color (“red”). This illustrates one of the most fundamental aspects of cognitive control and goal-directed behavior: the abi ...
... of a conflict stimulus (e.g. the word GREEN displayed in red), because there is a strong prepotent tendency to read the word (“green”), which competes with the response to the color (“red”). This illustrates one of the most fundamental aspects of cognitive control and goal-directed behavior: the abi ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... GnRH neurone activity in brain slices prepared at different times of day was examined using extracellular recordings. This is a critical step because the mechanisms underlying the increase in GnRH release that leads to the surge in species in which this hormone has been directly measured (2–5) may b ...
... GnRH neurone activity in brain slices prepared at different times of day was examined using extracellular recordings. This is a critical step because the mechanisms underlying the increase in GnRH release that leads to the surge in species in which this hormone has been directly measured (2–5) may b ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) in motor thalamus (Mthal) ameliorates tremor but not akinesia in Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are effective methods of Mthal stimulation to treat akinesia. Glutamatergic Mthal neurons, transduced with channelr ...
... High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) in motor thalamus (Mthal) ameliorates tremor but not akinesia in Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are effective methods of Mthal stimulation to treat akinesia. Glutamatergic Mthal neurons, transduced with channelr ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... Our aim is to achieve a synthesis of the roles serotonin might play in affective control, that is in the adaptive choice of actions in the light of rewards and punishments. The synthesis is in the spirit of computational approaches that have been fruitful for other neuromodulators, notably dopamine, ...
... Our aim is to achieve a synthesis of the roles serotonin might play in affective control, that is in the adaptive choice of actions in the light of rewards and punishments. The synthesis is in the spirit of computational approaches that have been fruitful for other neuromodulators, notably dopamine, ...
Resting-state Functional mR imaging
... distributed networks of temporal synchronization can be detected that can characterize RS networks (RSNs). With a short acquisition time of less than 10 minutes, RS functional MR imaging can be applied in special populations such as children and patients with dementia. Some RSNs are already present ...
... distributed networks of temporal synchronization can be detected that can characterize RS networks (RSNs). With a short acquisition time of less than 10 minutes, RS functional MR imaging can be applied in special populations such as children and patients with dementia. Some RSNs are already present ...
Csercsa Richárd
... of sleep rather as an active process generated by complex mechanisms in distributed systems, the importance of deafferentation cannot be neglected. When sleeping time ...
... of sleep rather as an active process generated by complex mechanisms in distributed systems, the importance of deafferentation cannot be neglected. When sleeping time ...
Gould`s Chap. 14 CNS
... Increased carbon dioxide levels, decreased blood pH, decreased blood pressure—all result in ...
... Increased carbon dioxide levels, decreased blood pH, decreased blood pressure—all result in ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... tuning within a voxel. My findings show that voxels in M1 are directionally tuned, suggesting functional organization. This directional tuning was shown using several analytical tools: (1) I showed directly that when aligning the tuning curve of voxels to their PD (defined as the direction in which ...
... tuning within a voxel. My findings show that voxels in M1 are directionally tuned, suggesting functional organization. This directional tuning was shown using several analytical tools: (1) I showed directly that when aligning the tuning curve of voxels to their PD (defined as the direction in which ...
Structure and Central Connections Of PERIPHERAL OLFACTORY
... and duct cells of Bowman’s glands, the major source of mucus in the olfactory epithelium. The third cell type is the poorly understood microvillar cell located at the surface of the epithelium. Microvillar cells, which look similar to the so-called brush cells found throughout the upper and lower a ...
... and duct cells of Bowman’s glands, the major source of mucus in the olfactory epithelium. The third cell type is the poorly understood microvillar cell located at the surface of the epithelium. Microvillar cells, which look similar to the so-called brush cells found throughout the upper and lower a ...
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
... In fovea about 50,000 ganglion cells per sq. mm. In periphery about 1000 ganglion cell per sq. mm. ...
... In fovea about 50,000 ganglion cells per sq. mm. In periphery about 1000 ganglion cell per sq. mm. ...
Hes1 and Hes3 regulate maintenance of the isthmic organizer and
... expression is restricted to the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region. The isthmic organizer is indicated by arrowheads. (B) In situ hybridization of Hes1. At E9.5, Hes1 is also expressed in the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region (arrowhead). (C±G) In situ hybridization (C±E) and immunohistochemistry ( ...
... expression is restricted to the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region. The isthmic organizer is indicated by arrowheads. (B) In situ hybridization of Hes1. At E9.5, Hes1 is also expressed in the midbrain±hindbrain boundary region (arrowhead). (C±G) In situ hybridization (C±E) and immunohistochemistry ( ...
Mechanism of action of cathinone from khat
... results. This work could not have succeeded without the co-operation and excellent technical assistance of Gershon Deya, Eric Omolo and James Ndung’u and the entire Animal Resources staff of Institute of Primate Research, Margaret Kagina, Robert Tsuma, Catherine Ngaywa, Peter Irungu, Daniel Kwoba, F ...
... results. This work could not have succeeded without the co-operation and excellent technical assistance of Gershon Deya, Eric Omolo and James Ndung’u and the entire Animal Resources staff of Institute of Primate Research, Margaret Kagina, Robert Tsuma, Catherine Ngaywa, Peter Irungu, Daniel Kwoba, F ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.