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... to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
... to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
The Spinal Cord
... to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
... to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
Neuron
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
... 2001) and lateral intraparietal areas in macaques (Andersen et al., 1997; Colby and Goldberg, 1999), but functional correspondences among them also remain elusive. These diversities emphasize the importance of direct comparison of the functional architecture of the frontal and parietal eye fields be ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... As the NAcc-VP and STN-VP pathways use GABA and glutamate, respectively, they may have distinct – and possibly opposed – functions. As a part of the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the NAcc-VP input may be important for the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. It may also be critical for learning ...
... As the NAcc-VP and STN-VP pathways use GABA and glutamate, respectively, they may have distinct – and possibly opposed – functions. As a part of the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the NAcc-VP input may be important for the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. It may also be critical for learning ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... eulaminate 1). The caudally adjacent areas, including areas 13, OPro and orbital area 25, are dysgranular in type, characterized by the presence of a thin and incipient granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B). The most caudally located orbitofrontal cortex lacks a granular layer 4, and is thus agranular in type ...
... eulaminate 1). The caudally adjacent areas, including areas 13, OPro and orbital area 25, are dysgranular in type, characterized by the presence of a thin and incipient granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B). The most caudally located orbitofrontal cortex lacks a granular layer 4, and is thus agranular in type ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... Destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway triggers various persistent responses, such as inflammation and increased synthesis of neural growth factors, both in striatum and in substantia nigra. The pathological processes involved in such responses are poorly characterized and could cont ...
... Destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway triggers various persistent responses, such as inflammation and increased synthesis of neural growth factors, both in striatum and in substantia nigra. The pathological processes involved in such responses are poorly characterized and could cont ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... sinks in region CA1 and dentate gyrus. Current source density analysis from the local field potential supports the model of phases of encoding and retrieval. The phasic changes in current sinks result from the synaptic transmissions. In vitro studies revealed that stimulation on the peak of theta wa ...
... sinks in region CA1 and dentate gyrus. Current source density analysis from the local field potential supports the model of phases of encoding and retrieval. The phasic changes in current sinks result from the synaptic transmissions. In vitro studies revealed that stimulation on the peak of theta wa ...
Doubly stochastic processes: an approach for understanding central
... Abstract— In this paper we argue that doubly stochastic processes are a natural tool for understanding certain types of information processing in the central nervous system. Doubly stochastic processes themselves are not new and have been investigated in a mathematical context; however, they have no ...
... Abstract— In this paper we argue that doubly stochastic processes are a natural tool for understanding certain types of information processing in the central nervous system. Doubly stochastic processes themselves are not new and have been investigated in a mathematical context; however, they have no ...
Chapter 13 *Lecture PowerPoint The Spinal Cord,
... • Contralateral—when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body • Ipsilateral—when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body; does not decussate ...
... • Contralateral—when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body • Ipsilateral—when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body; does not decussate ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating
... balance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses that they receive. Alterations in this equilibrium may lead to dramatic functional changes. Recent findings indicate that excitatory signals arising from bronchopulmonary afferents and/or the peripheral chemosensory system activate second-order neur ...
... balance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses that they receive. Alterations in this equilibrium may lead to dramatic functional changes. Recent findings indicate that excitatory signals arising from bronchopulmonary afferents and/or the peripheral chemosensory system activate second-order neur ...
32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... by the action,” says the researcher. “It all takes place at unimaginable speed.” In subsequent experiments, the rodents were presented with very similar smells and, as a result, the processing time increased to 340 milliseconds – not even half a second. As part of his ongoing research, Schäfer’s tea ...
... by the action,” says the researcher. “It all takes place at unimaginable speed.” In subsequent experiments, the rodents were presented with very similar smells and, as a result, the processing time increased to 340 milliseconds – not even half a second. As part of his ongoing research, Schäfer’s tea ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... 1991; Malmierca, 2003). For example, in the primary auditory nucleus in the midbrain, called the inferior colliculus (IC), which is a compulsory relay for all ascending auditory projections (Malmierca, 2003) and a region that efficiently encodes vocalizations (Holmstrom et al., 2010), the tonotopic o ...
... 1991; Malmierca, 2003). For example, in the primary auditory nucleus in the midbrain, called the inferior colliculus (IC), which is a compulsory relay for all ascending auditory projections (Malmierca, 2003) and a region that efficiently encodes vocalizations (Holmstrom et al., 2010), the tonotopic o ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
Long-term channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression
... Optogenetics tools including channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) provide a powerful approach to assay and manipulate neural circuit function, and promise new therapeutic interventions for neurological disease (Zhang et al., 2007; Bernstein and Boyden, 2011; Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of opto ...
... Optogenetics tools including channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) provide a powerful approach to assay and manipulate neural circuit function, and promise new therapeutic interventions for neurological disease (Zhang et al., 2007; Bernstein and Boyden, 2011; Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of opto ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... temporal (IT) cortex, researchers have used stimulus-reduction to find the features determining the responses of IT cells (Tanaka, 1992; Sugase et al., 1999). In earlier studies we systematically removed the surface-determining features of complex, coloured stimuli. We removed the colour (Tompa et al ...
... temporal (IT) cortex, researchers have used stimulus-reduction to find the features determining the responses of IT cells (Tanaka, 1992; Sugase et al., 1999). In earlier studies we systematically removed the surface-determining features of complex, coloured stimuli. We removed the colour (Tompa et al ...
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... and synchronization to rapid sensory input. Other reports suggest that nonprimary sensory fields are more plastic than primary sensory cortex. The consequences of environmental enrichment on information processing in nonprimary sensory cortex have yet to be studied. Here we examine physiological eff ...
... and synchronization to rapid sensory input. Other reports suggest that nonprimary sensory fields are more plastic than primary sensory cortex. The consequences of environmental enrichment on information processing in nonprimary sensory cortex have yet to be studied. Here we examine physiological eff ...
SOM
... class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network models for unsupervised learning, which combine a competitive learning principle with a topological structuring of neurons such that adjacent neurons tend to have similar weight vectors. PMR5406 ...
... class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network models for unsupervised learning, which combine a competitive learning principle with a topological structuring of neurons such that adjacent neurons tend to have similar weight vectors. PMR5406 ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
... et al. 2004; Conway and Tsao 2006; Conway et al. 2007; Harada et al. 2009). In line with these reports, we have found that sharply color-tuned cells are densely localized around the posterior middle temporal sulcus (PMTS), in what we have named the PIT color area (PITC) (Yasuda et al. 2010). These n ...
... et al. 2004; Conway and Tsao 2006; Conway et al. 2007; Harada et al. 2009). In line with these reports, we have found that sharply color-tuned cells are densely localized around the posterior middle temporal sulcus (PMTS), in what we have named the PIT color area (PITC) (Yasuda et al. 2010). These n ...
ROLE OF EARLY ACOUSTIC EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAT by
... maturation of sensory systems. Across sensory systems, the extent to which typical development can resume upon exposure to patterned sensory inputs depends on the onset, duration, and termination of the sensory restriction (Cynader, Berman, & Hein, 1976; Wiesel & Hubel, 1965). 1.2 Critical Periods i ...
... maturation of sensory systems. Across sensory systems, the extent to which typical development can resume upon exposure to patterned sensory inputs depends on the onset, duration, and termination of the sensory restriction (Cynader, Berman, & Hein, 1976; Wiesel & Hubel, 1965). 1.2 Critical Periods i ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... and only 1 to rods. Rod bipolar cells contact between 6 (at fovea) and 40 (in periphery) rods (Wassle, 2004) and connect to ganglion cells only indirectly via amacrine cells that synapse onto cone bipolar terminals. This type of organization may reflect the late evolution of rods (Masland, 2001a). E ...
... and only 1 to rods. Rod bipolar cells contact between 6 (at fovea) and 40 (in periphery) rods (Wassle, 2004) and connect to ganglion cells only indirectly via amacrine cells that synapse onto cone bipolar terminals. This type of organization may reflect the late evolution of rods (Masland, 2001a). E ...
Neurochemical excitation of propriospinal neurons facilitates
... anatomically to distribute locomotor command signals to propriospinal neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord. During electrical stimulation of the brain stem, propriospinal transmission alone, independent of long direct projections, was sufficient to activate locomotor-like ac ...
... anatomically to distribute locomotor command signals to propriospinal neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord. During electrical stimulation of the brain stem, propriospinal transmission alone, independent of long direct projections, was sufficient to activate locomotor-like ac ...
Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...