Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
... choice probability are difficult to distinguish in practice, because higher-valued options are chosen more frequently in free-choice tasks. This distinction is particularly relevant for sensorimotor areas such as parietal cortex, where both value information and motor signals related to choice have ...
... choice probability are difficult to distinguish in practice, because higher-valued options are chosen more frequently in free-choice tasks. This distinction is particularly relevant for sensorimotor areas such as parietal cortex, where both value information and motor signals related to choice have ...
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... occur. The GnRH neurons extend their neurosecretory axons to the hypothalamus where GnRH is released into the pituitary portal vessels to elicit the secretion of LH and FSH, which in turn, will promote gonadal development and support reproductive physiology. Genetic studies have demonstrated that di ...
... occur. The GnRH neurons extend their neurosecretory axons to the hypothalamus where GnRH is released into the pituitary portal vessels to elicit the secretion of LH and FSH, which in turn, will promote gonadal development and support reproductive physiology. Genetic studies have demonstrated that di ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... Despite strong innate preferences, chemosensory behaviors of C. elegans can be altered by adaptation, sensitization, and associative learning. A striking change in behavior is caused by starving animals in the presence of NaCl, which is normally an attractive taste. Starvation/salt pairing for as li ...
... Despite strong innate preferences, chemosensory behaviors of C. elegans can be altered by adaptation, sensitization, and associative learning. A striking change in behavior is caused by starving animals in the presence of NaCl, which is normally an attractive taste. Starvation/salt pairing for as li ...
Anatomy and Pathology of the Cerebellar Peduncle
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... nuclei [81 –85]. In addition, some, but not all, studies report MOB projections directly to the MeA, thereby providing another site of convergence of the VNO and MOE pathways [78,80,83,86]. Neurons in the MeA, in turn, project to targets including the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the BNST and th ...
... nuclei [81 –85]. In addition, some, but not all, studies report MOB projections directly to the MeA, thereby providing another site of convergence of the VNO and MOE pathways [78,80,83,86]. Neurons in the MeA, in turn, project to targets including the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the BNST and th ...
Central Nervous System - Spinal Cord, Spinal
... 1. The posterior white column- lies between the posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus -has ascending tracts only- carry sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain. * tracts-bundles of myelinated axons in CNS (brain and spinal cord) 2. The lateral white column- includes the whit ...
... 1. The posterior white column- lies between the posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus -has ascending tracts only- carry sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain. * tracts-bundles of myelinated axons in CNS (brain and spinal cord) 2. The lateral white column- includes the whit ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... The elemental oscillators in the third and fourth ganglia are coupled by coordinating neurons, which make reciprocally inhibitory synapses with their ipsilateral oscillator neuron (Fig. 1A; Maranto, 1982; Peterson, 1983a, 1983b). The coordinating interneurons do not initiate spikes in their ganglion ...
... The elemental oscillators in the third and fourth ganglia are coupled by coordinating neurons, which make reciprocally inhibitory synapses with their ipsilateral oscillator neuron (Fig. 1A; Maranto, 1982; Peterson, 1983a, 1983b). The coordinating interneurons do not initiate spikes in their ganglion ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... I, whereas the slight increase in fiber density seen in area 18 and primary auditory cortex was associated with the presence of immunoreactive fibers in both layers I and VI. The appearance of labeled fibers in layer V of primary somatosensory cortex was correlated with the greater fiber density of ...
... I, whereas the slight increase in fiber density seen in area 18 and primary auditory cortex was associated with the presence of immunoreactive fibers in both layers I and VI. The appearance of labeled fibers in layer V of primary somatosensory cortex was correlated with the greater fiber density of ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... The responses in respiratory outflow resulting from microstimulation and successive microlesions of the dorsal (DRG) and ventral (VRG) respiratory groups of neurons in the brainstem were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Microstimulation (2 to 120 Hz; 5 to 50 PA; 100 ...
... The responses in respiratory outflow resulting from microstimulation and successive microlesions of the dorsal (DRG) and ventral (VRG) respiratory groups of neurons in the brainstem were studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Microstimulation (2 to 120 Hz; 5 to 50 PA; 100 ...
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... We use in vivo optogenetic techniques in awake, behaving mice to provide direct evidence that neuronal activity regulates changes in myelinforming cells within an active circuit. We used an optogenetic mouse model in which 470-nm light delivered near the brain surface stimulates the excitatory o ...
... We use in vivo optogenetic techniques in awake, behaving mice to provide direct evidence that neuronal activity regulates changes in myelinforming cells within an active circuit. We used an optogenetic mouse model in which 470-nm light delivered near the brain surface stimulates the excitatory o ...
Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... in the somatosensory thalamus (Figure 2, first order/higher order, orange neuron). Using anatomical techniques, they demonstrated that large synaptic terminals from both the trigeminal nucleus and layer V of the barrel cortex innervated the proximal dendrites of single neurons in the medial subdivis ...
... in the somatosensory thalamus (Figure 2, first order/higher order, orange neuron). Using anatomical techniques, they demonstrated that large synaptic terminals from both the trigeminal nucleus and layer V of the barrel cortex innervated the proximal dendrites of single neurons in the medial subdivis ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... The directional mechanisms of PVNs were studied by comparing the responses evoked by stimuli moving in opposite directions along a meridian of 100” extent, centered on the point of fixation (full-field stimuli), with those evoked by stimuli that moved along 40”, 20”, and lo” segments of such an axis ...
... The directional mechanisms of PVNs were studied by comparing the responses evoked by stimuli moving in opposite directions along a meridian of 100” extent, centered on the point of fixation (full-field stimuli), with those evoked by stimuli that moved along 40”, 20”, and lo” segments of such an axis ...
Neurochemical and Cellular Reorganization of the Spinal Cord in a
... Evaluation of tumor growth, bone destruction, and tumor-induced behavioral changes Twenty-one days after injection, bone destruction was not observed in animals that received sham injection into the femur or animals that received injection of 2472 sarcoma cells into the quadriceps muscle. In animals ...
... Evaluation of tumor growth, bone destruction, and tumor-induced behavioral changes Twenty-one days after injection, bone destruction was not observed in animals that received sham injection into the femur or animals that received injection of 2472 sarcoma cells into the quadriceps muscle. In animals ...
N.L. Strominger et al. Cerebellum, in Noback`s Human
... (Fig. 10.7). The anterior lobe homunculus also receives auditory and visual inputs. 3. The large posterior lobe is located between the primary fissure and the posterolateral fissure. This phylogenetically newest lobe (neocerebellum) receives input from the cerebral cortex via a relay in the basilar ...
... (Fig. 10.7). The anterior lobe homunculus also receives auditory and visual inputs. 3. The large posterior lobe is located between the primary fissure and the posterolateral fissure. This phylogenetically newest lobe (neocerebellum) receives input from the cerebral cortex via a relay in the basilar ...
Suppression of Neural Responses to Nonoptimal Stimuli Correlates
... from enhancement of the cell’s response by preferred stimuli, suppression by nonoptimal stimuli, or both. Here, we report that the majority of V1 neurons do not only elevate their activity in response to preferred stimuli, but their firing rates are also suppressed by nonoptimal stimuli. The magnitu ...
... from enhancement of the cell’s response by preferred stimuli, suppression by nonoptimal stimuli, or both. Here, we report that the majority of V1 neurons do not only elevate their activity in response to preferred stimuli, but their firing rates are also suppressed by nonoptimal stimuli. The magnitu ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
Neuropeptidergic Organization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in
... fibers mainly originate from the IGL in rodents [8,25,26,48,51], while the geniculate complex is greatly reduced in size in Spalax [16] and the putative IGL region contains relatively few NPY cells (personal unpublished observations). The presence of NPY cells in the geniculate complex and NPY fiber ...
... fibers mainly originate from the IGL in rodents [8,25,26,48,51], while the geniculate complex is greatly reduced in size in Spalax [16] and the putative IGL region contains relatively few NPY cells (personal unpublished observations). The presence of NPY cells in the geniculate complex and NPY fiber ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... exhibits a substantial spontaneous activity. We reasoned that the measure of interest in assessing multisensory interaction effects is the comparison between the activity induced by a bimodal as opposed to a unimodal stimulus, not that absolute spike discharge. This is best captured by subtracting s ...
... exhibits a substantial spontaneous activity. We reasoned that the measure of interest in assessing multisensory interaction effects is the comparison between the activity induced by a bimodal as opposed to a unimodal stimulus, not that absolute spike discharge. This is best captured by subtracting s ...
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... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout inf ...
... comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout inf ...
Impact of acute inflammation on spinal motoneuron synaptic
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... 10000, cat. # D1820, Molecular Probes). Injections in temporal areas were restricted to anterior sectors, known to be heavily linked with orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices, as well as with the amygdala (e.g. Barbas, 1993; Carmichael and Price, 1995b; Stefanacci et al., 1996; Barbas et al. ...
... 10000, cat. # D1820, Molecular Probes). Injections in temporal areas were restricted to anterior sectors, known to be heavily linked with orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices, as well as with the amygdala (e.g. Barbas, 1993; Carmichael and Price, 1995b; Stefanacci et al., 1996; Barbas et al. ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... specific penetration angles). We monitored the transition from the opercular surface to the roof of the calcarine sulcus by advancing the microelectrode in 200-m steps. We stopped advancing the microelectrode when the first transition from a central RF (typically ⬃5° eccentricity) to a peripheral R ...
... specific penetration angles). We monitored the transition from the opercular surface to the roof of the calcarine sulcus by advancing the microelectrode in 200-m steps. We stopped advancing the microelectrode when the first transition from a central RF (typically ⬃5° eccentricity) to a peripheral R ...