The Motor System
... Voluntary Knee Extension: Neuroanatomical Description The cell body of the upper motor neuron is located in he precentral gyrus (somatotopically organized). The axon descends through the internal capsule, decussates in the medulla, descends through the lateral column of the spinal cord and terminat ...
... Voluntary Knee Extension: Neuroanatomical Description The cell body of the upper motor neuron is located in he precentral gyrus (somatotopically organized). The axon descends through the internal capsule, decussates in the medulla, descends through the lateral column of the spinal cord and terminat ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if the rating scales are taken as implying that the threshold is at –2 on the rating scale used, paired t ⫽ 1.95, df ⫽ 9, P ⬍ 0.04; 1-tailed). We refer to this ...
... shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if the rating scales are taken as implying that the threshold is at –2 on the rating scale used, paired t ⫽ 1.95, df ⫽ 9, P ⬍ 0.04; 1-tailed). We refer to this ...
A Functional Role for Intra-Axonal Protein Synthesis during Axonal
... Skene, 1991), mouse anti-neurofilament (N F) (1:1000; Zymed, San Francisco, CA), rabbit anti-N F (1:200; Chemicon, Temecula, CA), rabbit anti-S100 (1:1000; Sigma), and mouse anti-tubulin (T ub) III (1:400; Chemicon). Cultures were rinsed in PBS and incubated for 1 hr in secondary antibodies diluted ...
... Skene, 1991), mouse anti-neurofilament (N F) (1:1000; Zymed, San Francisco, CA), rabbit anti-N F (1:200; Chemicon, Temecula, CA), rabbit anti-S100 (1:1000; Sigma), and mouse anti-tubulin (T ub) III (1:400; Chemicon). Cultures were rinsed in PBS and incubated for 1 hr in secondary antibodies diluted ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... outside the receptive field of a neuron in area V4 of a behaving monkey. In the schematics (left), the green box represents the receptive field: this was not presented on the screen in the experiment. Red traces correspond to attention directed inside the receptive field of the recorded neuron; blue ...
... outside the receptive field of a neuron in area V4 of a behaving monkey. In the schematics (left), the green box represents the receptive field: this was not presented on the screen in the experiment. Red traces correspond to attention directed inside the receptive field of the recorded neuron; blue ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... macro columns, and may explain the emergence of percepts with a unitary nature. The mathematical analysis of coupled systems suggests that these manifolds enforce synchronization of the coupled systems (in fact they are referred to as synchronization manifolds). This is the key to understanding the ...
... macro columns, and may explain the emergence of percepts with a unitary nature. The mathematical analysis of coupled systems suggests that these manifolds enforce synchronization of the coupled systems (in fact they are referred to as synchronization manifolds). This is the key to understanding the ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... rectifying potassium channel (Kir) (66, 84). Thus kisspeptins act directly on GnRH neurons to induce a sustained depolarization event and increase the rate of action potential firing (37, 88). The number of GnRH neurons that can respond to kisspeptins increases during puberty even though the express ...
... rectifying potassium channel (Kir) (66, 84). Thus kisspeptins act directly on GnRH neurons to induce a sustained depolarization event and increase the rate of action potential firing (37, 88). The number of GnRH neurons that can respond to kisspeptins increases during puberty even though the express ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... the framework of estimation theory. Fisher believed that objective inference could be properly based solely on the likelihood function (Efron 1998, Pawitan 2001). It has come to represent more than just a method for generating point estimates, but rather a more general way of reasoning objectively u ...
... the framework of estimation theory. Fisher believed that objective inference could be properly based solely on the likelihood function (Efron 1998, Pawitan 2001). It has come to represent more than just a method for generating point estimates, but rather a more general way of reasoning objectively u ...
09 - Pierce College
... d. Occipital lobes 29. Primary auditory cortex is located here: a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobes c. Temporal lobes d. Occipital lobes 30. The part of your brain that receives, interprets and acts on action potentials from the eyes is located in which lobe? a. Frontal b. Parietal c. Temporal d. Occ ...
... d. Occipital lobes 29. Primary auditory cortex is located here: a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobes c. Temporal lobes d. Occipital lobes 30. The part of your brain that receives, interprets and acts on action potentials from the eyes is located in which lobe? a. Frontal b. Parietal c. Temporal d. Occ ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... to steer behavior. In order to 'direct' actions toward specific outcomes, Hull included 'specific drives', which are guided by stimulus-response habits that are learned through reinforcement, or sHR. In his equation, the reaction potential of an animal critically depends ...
... to steer behavior. In order to 'direct' actions toward specific outcomes, Hull included 'specific drives', which are guided by stimulus-response habits that are learned through reinforcement, or sHR. In his equation, the reaction potential of an animal critically depends ...
Author`s personal copy - Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives
... stimulation. The consequences of these treatments will be examined at levels ranging from cellular to complex behavioural changes. Some of this experimental evidence suggested new and effective clinical treatments for PD, which are now routinely used worldwide. However, further studies are necessary ...
... stimulation. The consequences of these treatments will be examined at levels ranging from cellular to complex behavioural changes. Some of this experimental evidence suggested new and effective clinical treatments for PD, which are now routinely used worldwide. However, further studies are necessary ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... sleep. During REM sleep they are inhibited by a Glutamatergic neurons in the SLD population of GABAergic neurons in the activates a series of inhibitory sublaterodorsal region (SLD) that fire during REM interneurons in the medulla and spinal sleep. NA neurons in the LC and 5-HT neurons in the ...
... sleep. During REM sleep they are inhibited by a Glutamatergic neurons in the SLD population of GABAergic neurons in the activates a series of inhibitory sublaterodorsal region (SLD) that fire during REM interneurons in the medulla and spinal sleep. NA neurons in the LC and 5-HT neurons in the ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
Functional Properties of Neurons in Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... is subdivided into physiologically or anatomically distinct areas. In the macaque monkey there is evidence for at least nine visual cortical areas, and there are likely to be more (see Ref. 57). Differences among the functional properties of several of these areashave been reported (see Ref. 63), bu ...
... is subdivided into physiologically or anatomically distinct areas. In the macaque monkey there is evidence for at least nine visual cortical areas, and there are likely to be more (see Ref. 57). Differences among the functional properties of several of these areashave been reported (see Ref. 63), bu ...
Layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex has the highest
... analysis program. Cortical layer IV exhibited a D2 value, 3.24, that was significantly higher than that of the other cortical layers. The D2 values in layers IV and II/III were significantly reduced after reversible deactivation of the ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus. D2 decreased with in ...
... analysis program. Cortical layer IV exhibited a D2 value, 3.24, that was significantly higher than that of the other cortical layers. The D2 values in layers IV and II/III were significantly reduced after reversible deactivation of the ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus. D2 decreased with in ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affected by back-propagating action potentials (see below). The ...
... rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affected by back-propagating action potentials (see below). The ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... transmission, or direct inhibition of inhibitory interneurons. Conversely, ‘inhibition’ in this context could arise from direct hyperpolarization, enhancement of currents mediating adaptation, suppression of excitatory intrinsic synaptic transmission, or direct excitation of inhibitory interneurons. ...
... transmission, or direct inhibition of inhibitory interneurons. Conversely, ‘inhibition’ in this context could arise from direct hyperpolarization, enhancement of currents mediating adaptation, suppression of excitatory intrinsic synaptic transmission, or direct excitation of inhibitory interneurons. ...
Ascending projections from spinal cord and brainstem to
... The injection site did not extend across the midline. Outside the thalamus, the injection site extended into the internal capsule and the overlying cortical areas, the lateral hypothalamus and the lateral tegmental field at the level of the midbrain. The injection site in case 2517 involved VA and VL ...
... The injection site did not extend across the midline. Outside the thalamus, the injection site extended into the internal capsule and the overlying cortical areas, the lateral hypothalamus and the lateral tegmental field at the level of the midbrain. The injection site in case 2517 involved VA and VL ...
Differences in Control of Limb Dynamics During Dominant and
... initiated by an audiovisual signal at which time the cursor was blanked. Subjects were instructed to move their hand to the target using a single, uncorrected, rapid motion. At the end of each trial, knowledge of results was provided in the form of a crosshair indicating final position. To motivate ...
... initiated by an audiovisual signal at which time the cursor was blanked. Subjects were instructed to move their hand to the target using a single, uncorrected, rapid motion. At the end of each trial, knowledge of results was provided in the form of a crosshair indicating final position. To motivate ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke recovery, particularly in patients with subcortical stroke.43 Much interest has, therefore, focused on changes in interhemispheric interactions following stroke.44 After a stroke affecting the motor cortex, cortical excitability is decreas ...
... to stroke-affected hemisphere in association with poststroke recovery, particularly in patients with subcortical stroke.43 Much interest has, therefore, focused on changes in interhemispheric interactions following stroke.44 After a stroke affecting the motor cortex, cortical excitability is decreas ...
The Neuroscientist
... 1976) have been trained to respond to the pitch of missing fundamental sounds, demonstrating that this phenomenon is not unique to human listeners. The temporal and spectral explanations of the acoustics of pitch have led to two theories of how the auditory system might encode pitch cues as neural s ...
... 1976) have been trained to respond to the pitch of missing fundamental sounds, demonstrating that this phenomenon is not unique to human listeners. The temporal and spectral explanations of the acoustics of pitch have led to two theories of how the auditory system might encode pitch cues as neural s ...
Biomechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms related to
... ganglia seem to play an important role in timing of sequential muscle activation, with the basal ganglia operating at the level of planning, initiation, execution, and termination of motor programs as well motor learning (Mackay-Lyons, 2002; Wichmann & DeLong, 1996). The midbrain locomotor region ac ...
... ganglia seem to play an important role in timing of sequential muscle activation, with the basal ganglia operating at the level of planning, initiation, execution, and termination of motor programs as well motor learning (Mackay-Lyons, 2002; Wichmann & DeLong, 1996). The midbrain locomotor region ac ...
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
... choice probability are difficult to distinguish in practice, because higher-valued options are chosen more frequently in free-choice tasks. This distinction is particularly relevant for sensorimotor areas such as parietal cortex, where both value information and motor signals related to choice have ...
... choice probability are difficult to distinguish in practice, because higher-valued options are chosen more frequently in free-choice tasks. This distinction is particularly relevant for sensorimotor areas such as parietal cortex, where both value information and motor signals related to choice have ...