Neuropathological Characteristics of Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injury
... including both the C5 and C6 roots, and, less frequently, the C7 root (8). This type of lesion represents both a CNS and PNS injury because spinal motor neurons undergo degeneration due to deafferentation while peripheral axons rapidly degenerate once they are disconnected from the cell body (9). Th ...
... including both the C5 and C6 roots, and, less frequently, the C7 root (8). This type of lesion represents both a CNS and PNS injury because spinal motor neurons undergo degeneration due to deafferentation while peripheral axons rapidly degenerate once they are disconnected from the cell body (9). Th ...
The human medial geniculate body
... fibers are aligned, forming fibrous Iaminae possibly corresponding to the width (open circles) of the dendritic fields of the bushy cells with tufted dendritic branching (see Fig. 7A). The laminae are not present in the marginaf zone. Protocol for ...
... fibers are aligned, forming fibrous Iaminae possibly corresponding to the width (open circles) of the dendritic fields of the bushy cells with tufted dendritic branching (see Fig. 7A). The laminae are not present in the marginaf zone. Protocol for ...
Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in Auditory Cortex Is an NMDA
... • MMN is a human scalp recorded event related potential (ERP) component elicited by a sound which deviates from a repeating pattern of recent sounds, and thought to be generated by a temporo-prefrontal network including auditory cortex. • This claim implies that auditory cortex units themselves play ...
... • MMN is a human scalp recorded event related potential (ERP) component elicited by a sound which deviates from a repeating pattern of recent sounds, and thought to be generated by a temporo-prefrontal network including auditory cortex. • This claim implies that auditory cortex units themselves play ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... (e.g. backpropagation for MLP) have been discovered only at the end of the 1980’s, and even if the idea of boolean decomposition of tasks has been abandoned for a long time. Separately, neurobiological research has greatly progressed. Notions such as associative memory, learning, adaptation, attenti ...
... (e.g. backpropagation for MLP) have been discovered only at the end of the 1980’s, and even if the idea of boolean decomposition of tasks has been abandoned for a long time. Separately, neurobiological research has greatly progressed. Notions such as associative memory, learning, adaptation, attenti ...
Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network
... Indiveri, & Douglas, 2006; Vogelstein, Mallik, Culurciello, Cauwenberghs, & Etienne-Cummings, 2007) highlights the necessity for theoretical quantification of a WTA network based on different network parameters (e.g., CAVIAR), especially if these systems are to be used in different applications. To a ...
... Indiveri, & Douglas, 2006; Vogelstein, Mallik, Culurciello, Cauwenberghs, & Etienne-Cummings, 2007) highlights the necessity for theoretical quantification of a WTA network based on different network parameters (e.g., CAVIAR), especially if these systems are to be used in different applications. To a ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... plays a pivotal role in the regulation of reproduction. Indeed, insulin has been shown to activate GnRH and LH secretion in vitro (8, 9). Mice that lack insulin signaling in brain neurons (NIRKO mice) exhibit hypothalamic hypogonadism (10) and a delay in puberty (11). Moreover, diabetic rats display ...
... plays a pivotal role in the regulation of reproduction. Indeed, insulin has been shown to activate GnRH and LH secretion in vitro (8, 9). Mice that lack insulin signaling in brain neurons (NIRKO mice) exhibit hypothalamic hypogonadism (10) and a delay in puberty (11). Moreover, diabetic rats display ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
Smooth Pursuit Impairment in Schizophrenia— What Does It Mean?
... with respect to the finding of Brezinova and Kendell (1977), it is of interest that stress, fatigue, or moderate distraction did not impair tracking. Smooth pursuit in this study was only impaired when subjects had to do a difficult mental calculation (serially subtracting 13 from 200) and write dow ...
... with respect to the finding of Brezinova and Kendell (1977), it is of interest that stress, fatigue, or moderate distraction did not impair tracking. Smooth pursuit in this study was only impaired when subjects had to do a difficult mental calculation (serially subtracting 13 from 200) and write dow ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... inhibition of these enzymes hence promote tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (Ostman et al., 2011). DSPs are important regulators of MAPK pathways, as they can dephosphorylate MAPKs on both phospho-threonine and phospho-tyrosine residues (Caunt and Keyse, 2012). Together PTPs and D ...
... inhibition of these enzymes hence promote tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (Ostman et al., 2011). DSPs are important regulators of MAPK pathways, as they can dephosphorylate MAPKs on both phospho-threonine and phospho-tyrosine residues (Caunt and Keyse, 2012). Together PTPs and D ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... colliculus were labelled in this case. A somewhat smaller zone of dense label was found in Case 96-89 (Fig. 3A). While the densely labelled zone included all but the most rostral part of the medial superior colliculus, less of the rostrolateral superior colliculus was included. Yet, projections woul ...
... colliculus were labelled in this case. A somewhat smaller zone of dense label was found in Case 96-89 (Fig. 3A). While the densely labelled zone included all but the most rostral part of the medial superior colliculus, less of the rostrolateral superior colliculus was included. Yet, projections woul ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... retrieval of associations with this temporal context from representations of distinct time points in dentate gyrus. This allows region CA3 activity to represent temporal context of events, consistent with the evidence of context-dependent firing of neurons in region CA3 (Guzowski, Knierim, & Moser, ...
... retrieval of associations with this temporal context from representations of distinct time points in dentate gyrus. This allows region CA3 activity to represent temporal context of events, consistent with the evidence of context-dependent firing of neurons in region CA3 (Guzowski, Knierim, & Moser, ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... stimulus features. We have used this approach successfully to characterize the representation of color (Brouwer and Heeger 2009, 2013) and, more relevant to the present study, crossorientation suppression (Brouwer and Heeger 2011). In crossorientation suppression, the response to a grating at the ne ...
... stimulus features. We have used this approach successfully to characterize the representation of color (Brouwer and Heeger 2009, 2013) and, more relevant to the present study, crossorientation suppression (Brouwer and Heeger 2011). In crossorientation suppression, the response to a grating at the ne ...
absence of an intact nerve terminal in the motor end
... Fig. 1. Diagram showing the experimental design. Bilateral partial denervation of the fourth deep lumbrical muscle was produced by crushing the sural nerve (s.n.). After 21-28 days activity in the medial plantar nerve (m.p.n.) and the lateral plantar nerve (l.p.n.) on one side was blocked by chronic ...
... Fig. 1. Diagram showing the experimental design. Bilateral partial denervation of the fourth deep lumbrical muscle was produced by crushing the sural nerve (s.n.). After 21-28 days activity in the medial plantar nerve (m.p.n.) and the lateral plantar nerve (l.p.n.) on one side was blocked by chronic ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Important for the Manifestations ofα
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... the cell body. We originally hypothesized that the mechanisms used to initiate a neuronal process might be similar to those used in polarized growth of a bud from budding yeast. This hypothesis led us to test the role of genes homologous to key genes that control yeast budding such as the small GTPa ...
... the cell body. We originally hypothesized that the mechanisms used to initiate a neuronal process might be similar to those used in polarized growth of a bud from budding yeast. This hypothesis led us to test the role of genes homologous to key genes that control yeast budding such as the small GTPa ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... transmit signals from the receptor cells to their targets exhibit the same spatial order as that of the receptor cells within the sense organ. This is also the case for most of the ascending and descending connections that exist between successive levels of processing within the central nervous syst ...
... transmit signals from the receptor cells to their targets exhibit the same spatial order as that of the receptor cells within the sense organ. This is also the case for most of the ascending and descending connections that exist between successive levels of processing within the central nervous syst ...
Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts
... There is a point to point projection of the fibers, which served as the anatomical basis for reorganization of the source of a stimulus. • Axons from gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus form the internal arcuate fibers (IA), cross the midline in the decussation of the medial lemniscus then becomes m ...
... There is a point to point projection of the fibers, which served as the anatomical basis for reorganization of the source of a stimulus. • Axons from gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus form the internal arcuate fibers (IA), cross the midline in the decussation of the medial lemniscus then becomes m ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which typically have a more distinctive main apical dendrite and tuft. CA3 pyramidal neurons also have a cl ...
... and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which typically have a more distinctive main apical dendrite and tuft. CA3 pyramidal neurons also have a cl ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... macaque monkey was generally threefold greater than neurons of the primary visual cortex and twofold greater than neurons in a parietal visual cortical region. In the human brain, among eight cortical areas sampled, layer III basal dendritic spine density was greatest in areas in the prefrontal and ...
... macaque monkey was generally threefold greater than neurons of the primary visual cortex and twofold greater than neurons in a parietal visual cortical region. In the human brain, among eight cortical areas sampled, layer III basal dendritic spine density was greatest in areas in the prefrontal and ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
... complete cycle of the sinusoidal grating. Following the first failure, mice were required to achieve five correct trials in a row, or 8 of 10 correct trials at each spatial frequency before proceeding to the next higher frequency. Once a mouse failed to complete 8 of 10 correct trials at a given spa ...
Ensemble Patterns of Hippocampal CA3
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint Slided PDF - CM
... THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER • Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure ...
... THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER • Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...