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... al., 1996). Briefly, the SRT was not directly attached to the transducer. Instead it was attached to a lever (i.e., a wooden stick) that made contact with the transducer and was, therefore, immobilized and served as a pivot point. To attach the SRT to the lever, one end of a piece of string was tied ...
... al., 1996). Briefly, the SRT was not directly attached to the transducer. Instead it was attached to a lever (i.e., a wooden stick) that made contact with the transducer and was, therefore, immobilized and served as a pivot point. To attach the SRT to the lever, one end of a piece of string was tied ...
A Split-LexA-based Concatenate Expression System for
... developmental history of the organism. Such combinatorial systems are particularly useful for lineage tracing, but may also lack the desired specificity. In contrast, the “Split Gal4” system, which independently targets the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (Gal4DBD) and a cognate transcription activation dom ...
... developmental history of the organism. Such combinatorial systems are particularly useful for lineage tracing, but may also lack the desired specificity. In contrast, the “Split Gal4” system, which independently targets the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (Gal4DBD) and a cognate transcription activation dom ...
Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi
... transverse and longitudinal locations (Witter 2007). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of hippocampal learning will likely require a quantitative map of the entire axonal arbors originating from different network sub-regions. On the other hand, this same structural comple ...
... transverse and longitudinal locations (Witter 2007). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of hippocampal learning will likely require a quantitative map of the entire axonal arbors originating from different network sub-regions. On the other hand, this same structural comple ...
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... comprises of a mapping between states S and action propensities π(a|S) (through modifiable weights or associative strengths). Its ultimate output is an action which then feeds back into the environment and serves to (possibly) earn rewards and change the state of the environment. The Critic comprise ...
... comprises of a mapping between states S and action propensities π(a|S) (through modifiable weights or associative strengths). Its ultimate output is an action which then feeds back into the environment and serves to (possibly) earn rewards and change the state of the environment. The Critic comprise ...
A population density approach that facilitates slow inhibitory synapses
... A previously developed method for efficiently simulating complex networks of integrate-andfire neurons was specialized to the case in which the neurons have fast unitary postsynaptic conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and th ...
... A previously developed method for efficiently simulating complex networks of integrate-andfire neurons was specialized to the case in which the neurons have fast unitary postsynaptic conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and th ...
Glutamate Receptors
... loops? First, when descending corticobrainstem glutamate pathways have hypofunctioning NMDA receptors in the ventral tegmental area, this creates mesolimbic dopamine hyperactivity and positive symptoms of psychosis, as already eXplained above and illustrated in Figure 9-39B. The effects of this on C ...
... loops? First, when descending corticobrainstem glutamate pathways have hypofunctioning NMDA receptors in the ventral tegmental area, this creates mesolimbic dopamine hyperactivity and positive symptoms of psychosis, as already eXplained above and illustrated in Figure 9-39B. The effects of this on C ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by experience. The cortex can preferentially allocate area to represent the particular peripheral input sources that are proportionall ...
... It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by experience. The cortex can preferentially allocate area to represent the particular peripheral input sources that are proportionall ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... study also based on 18S rDNA, Telford and Holland [41] proposed a most likely position of the chaetognaths as descendants from an early metazoan branch possibly originating prior to the radiation of the major coelomate groups. Halanych [42] (18S rDNA) suggested a chaetognath-nematode relationship bu ...
... study also based on 18S rDNA, Telford and Holland [41] proposed a most likely position of the chaetognaths as descendants from an early metazoan branch possibly originating prior to the radiation of the major coelomate groups. Halanych [42] (18S rDNA) suggested a chaetognath-nematode relationship bu ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... neuronal function but not survival. Although these approaches have proven quite informative, it is yet unclear how relevant these studies are to the functioning of the nervous system in vivo. Glial alterations leading to obvious organismal consequences have been described. Demyelinating diseases, su ...
... neuronal function but not survival. Although these approaches have proven quite informative, it is yet unclear how relevant these studies are to the functioning of the nervous system in vivo. Glial alterations leading to obvious organismal consequences have been described. Demyelinating diseases, su ...
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... In the following sections of this report there is a description of how the components of the system architecture have been implemented. These modules and models were developed as collaborations between the computational partners of Nancy, Ulm and Sunderland. This was done based on motivation from th ...
... In the following sections of this report there is a description of how the components of the system architecture have been implemented. These modules and models were developed as collaborations between the computational partners of Nancy, Ulm and Sunderland. This was done based on motivation from th ...
cHaPter 3
... brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cortex. Two wing-shaped cavities (ventricles) are also easily seen. These are in the cerebrum. They are the largest of the brain’s four ventricles which together ...
... brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cortex. Two wing-shaped cavities (ventricles) are also easily seen. These are in the cerebrum. They are the largest of the brain’s four ventricles which together ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... Anterior Cingulate Cortex neurons 4.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity improves decoding of single units' behavioral adaptation signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity mediates information improvement in a majority of single neurons . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Te ...
... Anterior Cingulate Cortex neurons 4.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity improves decoding of single units' behavioral adaptation signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Optimal temporal sensitivity mediates information improvement in a majority of single neurons . . . . . . . . . 4.1.2 Te ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
... area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in the dorsal (septal) one-third of the subiculum (Fig. 6A) also projects to Rgb, as does a band of neurons in the deep ...
Simulation of myelinated neuron with focus on conduction speed
... Although this comparison is not exact in that the two neurons are made of different types of channel mechanisms, it still clearly showed how minimized number of regeneration process of action potential reduces time needed to travel a given distance. ...
... Although this comparison is not exact in that the two neurons are made of different types of channel mechanisms, it still clearly showed how minimized number of regeneration process of action potential reduces time needed to travel a given distance. ...
online age page age page proofs proofs
... brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cortex. Two wing-shaped cavities (ventricles) are also easily seen. These are in the cerebrum. They are the largest of the brain’s four ventricles which together ...
... brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cortex. Two wing-shaped cavities (ventricles) are also easily seen. These are in the cerebrum. They are the largest of the brain’s four ventricles which together ...
Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4
... analysis was performed using one and two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software. Post-hoc comparison of means was carried out with the Tukey test for multiple comparisons, when appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. ...
... analysis was performed using one and two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software. Post-hoc comparison of means was carried out with the Tukey test for multiple comparisons, when appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... Roger Thomas showed if sodium ions were injected into snail neurons there was a rapid hyperpolarization of the membrane potential by as much as 30 mV. This hyperpolarization was inhibited if ouabain was present or if the extracelhilar potassium concentration was reduced. The hyperpolarization was du ...
... Roger Thomas showed if sodium ions were injected into snail neurons there was a rapid hyperpolarization of the membrane potential by as much as 30 mV. This hyperpolarization was inhibited if ouabain was present or if the extracelhilar potassium concentration was reduced. The hyperpolarization was du ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... of these key currents, i.e. ISI or ID/IH, during the bursts in many ways. First, the decreased rate of spike generation or spike frequency adaptation produced by rSK2 overexpression may be responsible for the failure of the rhythmic development of these key currents, by interfering with the voltage- ...
... of these key currents, i.e. ISI or ID/IH, during the bursts in many ways. First, the decreased rate of spike generation or spike frequency adaptation produced by rSK2 overexpression may be responsible for the failure of the rhythmic development of these key currents, by interfering with the voltage- ...
Introduction to Electroencephalography (EEG)
... http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2007/01/1-16-07-eeg.jpg ...
... http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2007/01/1-16-07-eeg.jpg ...
Mutations in cytoplasmic dynein and its regulators
... and dynein motor proteins that can move directionally along actin filaments and microtubules. Myosins use actin filaments for cargo transport, whereas both dyneins and kinesins use microtubules to drive, respectively, minus-end-directed or plus-end-directed transport [1,2]. Because of their size and ...
... and dynein motor proteins that can move directionally along actin filaments and microtubules. Myosins use actin filaments for cargo transport, whereas both dyneins and kinesins use microtubules to drive, respectively, minus-end-directed or plus-end-directed transport [1,2]. Because of their size and ...
Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
... process that allows one to respond appropriately to cues associated with danger. In the case of psychiatric disorders, however, fear may persist long after an environmental threat has passed. This unremitting and often debilitating form of fear is a core component of many anxiety disorders, includin ...
... process that allows one to respond appropriately to cues associated with danger. In the case of psychiatric disorders, however, fear may persist long after an environmental threat has passed. This unremitting and often debilitating form of fear is a core component of many anxiety disorders, includin ...
The role of spiking nonlinearity in contrast gain control
... & Meister, 1997), and network interactions (Victor, 1987). It was also suggested that the active ionic channels inside the spiking generation (Kim & Rieke, 2001; Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000) might play an important role in controlling the changing of the transfer function. In order to clarify the con ...
... & Meister, 1997), and network interactions (Victor, 1987). It was also suggested that the active ionic channels inside the spiking generation (Kim & Rieke, 2001; Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000) might play an important role in controlling the changing of the transfer function. In order to clarify the con ...