CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
... which shows itself without any stimulus to evoke it.the serum calcium is less than 7mg/dL. 2.latent tetany: the serum calcium ions is about 7mg/dL.this type of tetany needs certain tests to prove it. a)Chovostek,sign:quick contraction of theipsilateral facial muscles elicited by tapping over the faf ...
... which shows itself without any stimulus to evoke it.the serum calcium is less than 7mg/dL. 2.latent tetany: the serum calcium ions is about 7mg/dL.this type of tetany needs certain tests to prove it. a)Chovostek,sign:quick contraction of theipsilateral facial muscles elicited by tapping over the faf ...
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... Cell Types and Architecture of the Adult Mouse SVZ The SVZ of adult rodents comprises four main cell types (fig. 3A): neuroblasts (also called type A cells, red), SVZ astrocytes (type B cells, blue), transit amplifying cells (type C cells, green), and ependymal cells which line the walls of the vent ...
... Cell Types and Architecture of the Adult Mouse SVZ The SVZ of adult rodents comprises four main cell types (fig. 3A): neuroblasts (also called type A cells, red), SVZ astrocytes (type B cells, blue), transit amplifying cells (type C cells, green), and ependymal cells which line the walls of the vent ...
MUSCLE Three types of muscles based on morphological and
... The thick and thin filaments are arranged hexagonally with respect to one another. Each thick filament is surrounded by six thin filaments; each thin filament is surrounded by three thick filaments. The thin filaments of 2 adjacent sarcomeres show a polarity which can be observed by interacting them ...
... The thick and thin filaments are arranged hexagonally with respect to one another. Each thick filament is surrounded by six thin filaments; each thin filament is surrounded by three thick filaments. The thin filaments of 2 adjacent sarcomeres show a polarity which can be observed by interacting them ...
Neurotransmitter Profile of Saccadic Omnipause Neurons in
... until appropriate eye movements were observed. Using these coordinates the injection site was calculated according to the atlas of Shanta et al. (1968). After a survival time of 17 hr the animal was killed with an overdose of Nembutal (80 mg/kg body weight) and transcardially perfused with 0.9% sali ...
... until appropriate eye movements were observed. Using these coordinates the injection site was calculated according to the atlas of Shanta et al. (1968). After a survival time of 17 hr the animal was killed with an overdose of Nembutal (80 mg/kg body weight) and transcardially perfused with 0.9% sali ...
Role of the Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus in
... no single neural area acts as the center for thermoregulation [11–13]. Rather, there appears to be a hierarchy of structures extending through the hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Within this hierarchy, lower brain stem and spinal structures are capable of crudely sensing changes in body t ...
... no single neural area acts as the center for thermoregulation [11–13]. Rather, there appears to be a hierarchy of structures extending through the hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Within this hierarchy, lower brain stem and spinal structures are capable of crudely sensing changes in body t ...
FINE STRUCTURE OF NERVE FIBERS AND GROWTH CONES OF
... FIGURE :t Neuron A, areas c, c', c" of Fig. 1. Spread out area c emerges from the fiber (which runs horizontally at the top of the figure) where numerous components of endoplasmic retieulum are seen. Area c', located about halfway between the fiber and the tip, contains long meandering tubules of a ...
... FIGURE :t Neuron A, areas c, c', c" of Fig. 1. Spread out area c emerges from the fiber (which runs horizontally at the top of the figure) where numerous components of endoplasmic retieulum are seen. Area c', located about halfway between the fiber and the tip, contains long meandering tubules of a ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
Morris_2007_Macrosto..
... in the brain form a subepidermal network throughout the body of Macrostomum (Ladurner et al. 1997) and other species (Gustafsson et al. 2002). Mechanosensory and chemosensory neurons are located either in the epidermis or the central nervous system (Ehlers 1985). The spatial relationship between mot ...
... in the brain form a subepidermal network throughout the body of Macrostomum (Ladurner et al. 1997) and other species (Gustafsson et al. 2002). Mechanosensory and chemosensory neurons are located either in the epidermis or the central nervous system (Ehlers 1985). The spatial relationship between mot ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... ion channels in the postsynapse open, by for instance binding of a neurotransmitter, which result in a local influx of sodium ions. This influx of sodium ions depolarizes the membrane causing a local change in membrane resting potential (-60mV normally) towards a more positive charge. The electric s ...
... ion channels in the postsynapse open, by for instance binding of a neurotransmitter, which result in a local influx of sodium ions. This influx of sodium ions depolarizes the membrane causing a local change in membrane resting potential (-60mV normally) towards a more positive charge. The electric s ...
Communication as an emergent metaphor for neuronal operation
... analysing the properties of such networks [3], as well as in applying them to numerous practical problems [4]. At the same time the same devices were proposed as models of cognition capable of explaining both higher level mental processes [5] and low level information processing in the brain [6]. Ho ...
... analysing the properties of such networks [3], as well as in applying them to numerous practical problems [4]. At the same time the same devices were proposed as models of cognition capable of explaining both higher level mental processes [5] and low level information processing in the brain [6]. Ho ...
Chapter 7: Eyes and Ears
... cerebral hemisphere, plays a major role in processing these impulses. The final result is the conscious perception of the images, a phenomenon called vision. ...
... cerebral hemisphere, plays a major role in processing these impulses. The final result is the conscious perception of the images, a phenomenon called vision. ...
Acid-Base_Handling
... • Acid load cannot be excreted unless virtually all of the filtered HCO3- has been reabsorbed • Secreted H+ ions bind to: – Filtered buffers (HPO42-, creatinine) – NH3 to form NH4+ • Rate of NH4+ generation in the proximal tubules varies according to physiologic needs ...
... • Acid load cannot be excreted unless virtually all of the filtered HCO3- has been reabsorbed • Secreted H+ ions bind to: – Filtered buffers (HPO42-, creatinine) – NH3 to form NH4+ • Rate of NH4+ generation in the proximal tubules varies according to physiologic needs ...
Transgenic Targeting of Recombinant Rabies Virus Reveals
... avian sarcoma and leukosis virus protein EnvA in its viral envelope so it can only infect cells that express EnvA’s receptor, TVA (Wickersham et al., 2007a). Since mammalian neurons do not express TVA, the injected virus cannot infect wild-type neurons. After infecting a TVA-positive neuron, the vir ...
... avian sarcoma and leukosis virus protein EnvA in its viral envelope so it can only infect cells that express EnvA’s receptor, TVA (Wickersham et al., 2007a). Since mammalian neurons do not express TVA, the injected virus cannot infect wild-type neurons. After infecting a TVA-positive neuron, the vir ...
local connectivity between neurons of the rat globus pallidus
... µm of the striatal border) i.e., the lateral and rostral poles of the GP (hereafter referred to as ‘lateral neurons’). The second group is located in the more medial and caudal aspects of the GP (hereafter referred to as ‘medial neurons’). Neurons in both groups possess extensive local axonal arbori ...
... µm of the striatal border) i.e., the lateral and rostral poles of the GP (hereafter referred to as ‘lateral neurons’). The second group is located in the more medial and caudal aspects of the GP (hereafter referred to as ‘medial neurons’). Neurons in both groups possess extensive local axonal arbori ...
5-Endo thyroid
... 5- Serum Cholesterol: (non specific test) • Normal = 150 to 250 mg/100 ml. • It decreases in hyperthyroidism & increases in hypothyroidism. ...
... 5- Serum Cholesterol: (non specific test) • Normal = 150 to 250 mg/100 ml. • It decreases in hyperthyroidism & increases in hypothyroidism. ...
Chapter 1: The Muscle Spindle and the Central
... important of these is the Golgi tendon organ (GTO). The GTO lies within tendinous muscle tissue. Each GTO is connected in series with small bundles of extrafusal muscle fibers (10 to 15). Its primary function is to detect changes in tension on the tendon from muscle pull or from external force (see ...
... important of these is the Golgi tendon organ (GTO). The GTO lies within tendinous muscle tissue. Each GTO is connected in series with small bundles of extrafusal muscle fibers (10 to 15). Its primary function is to detect changes in tension on the tendon from muscle pull or from external force (see ...
LAB - The Muscular System
... through the blood vessels and body. Cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily, meaning that a person cannot control when they contract. The heart has its own pacemaker that initiates the consistent contraction of cardiac tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle, but also has areas ...
... through the blood vessels and body. Cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily, meaning that a person cannot control when they contract. The heart has its own pacemaker that initiates the consistent contraction of cardiac tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle, but also has areas ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
Chapter 14: Integration of Nervous System Functions
... information is retained for less than a second. B) the frontal lobe plays the most important role. C) the limit to information stored is approximately 20 bits. D) when new information is presented, old information is eliminated. E) about 12 bits of information can be stored. Answer: d Level: 1 ...
... information is retained for less than a second. B) the frontal lobe plays the most important role. C) the limit to information stored is approximately 20 bits. D) when new information is presented, old information is eliminated. E) about 12 bits of information can be stored. Answer: d Level: 1 ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... markers will be used to define all cortical neuron types, although that capability is still a distant goal. Many different families of molecules exhibit layer-specific expression patterns, including axon guidance molecules, secreted morphogens, calcium-binding proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, transc ...
... markers will be used to define all cortical neuron types, although that capability is still a distant goal. Many different families of molecules exhibit layer-specific expression patterns, including axon guidance molecules, secreted morphogens, calcium-binding proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, transc ...
A Unified Mathematical Framework for Coding Time, Space,
... In many cases, the nervous system constructs a representation of a function of a sensory variable, say the amplitude of a sound as a function of frequency. Consider the representation of a chord; two notes presented simultaneously. It is not sufficient to represent the chord as the average of the tw ...
... In many cases, the nervous system constructs a representation of a function of a sensory variable, say the amplitude of a sound as a function of frequency. Consider the representation of a chord; two notes presented simultaneously. It is not sufficient to represent the chord as the average of the tw ...
The Neuronal Endomembrane System
... fast axonal transport pass through the Golgi apparatus (GA) (Hammerschlag et al., 1982). Collectively, these findings indicate that each of these systems may play distinct roles in the fast transport of new neuronal products. Uncertainty remains, however, concerning the intimate anatomical interrela ...
... fast axonal transport pass through the Golgi apparatus (GA) (Hammerschlag et al., 1982). Collectively, these findings indicate that each of these systems may play distinct roles in the fast transport of new neuronal products. Uncertainty remains, however, concerning the intimate anatomical interrela ...
7 Ghrelin signalling
... facts of ghrelin First there was the receptor, discovered as the binding site of synthetic compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body grow ...
... facts of ghrelin First there was the receptor, discovered as the binding site of synthetic compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body grow ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... mm. Continuous coverage was obtained from ⫹60 (A/P) to –38 (A/P). Acquisition was carried out during the task performance, which lasted a total of 25 min and 28 s, yielding 764 volumes in total. A whole brain T2* weighted EPI volume of the above dimensions and an anatomical T1 volume with slice thic ...
... mm. Continuous coverage was obtained from ⫹60 (A/P) to –38 (A/P). Acquisition was carried out during the task performance, which lasted a total of 25 min and 28 s, yielding 764 volumes in total. A whole brain T2* weighted EPI volume of the above dimensions and an anatomical T1 volume with slice thic ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.