AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... • Long postganglionic axons travel to their targets via the gray ramus communicantes. • Some preganglionic axons travel to prevertebral ganglia via the splanchnic nerves--are not paired a) Celiac ganglion b) Superior mesenteric ganglion c) Inferior mesenteric ganglion d) Inferior hypogastric ganglio ...
... • Long postganglionic axons travel to their targets via the gray ramus communicantes. • Some preganglionic axons travel to prevertebral ganglia via the splanchnic nerves--are not paired a) Celiac ganglion b) Superior mesenteric ganglion c) Inferior mesenteric ganglion d) Inferior hypogastric ganglio ...
Cranial Nerves: Assessment of Functions
... Figure 1.4 Extrinsic eye muscles, cranial nerve innervation, and the eyeball movement First, observe how much of the subject's iris (colored part around pupil) is covered by the eyelid. Normally about one-third will be covered. Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) occurs in paralysis of the oculomotor n ...
... Figure 1.4 Extrinsic eye muscles, cranial nerve innervation, and the eyeball movement First, observe how much of the subject's iris (colored part around pupil) is covered by the eyelid. Normally about one-third will be covered. Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) occurs in paralysis of the oculomotor n ...
On acute gene expression changes after ventral root replantation
... acute inflammatory response was observed after avulsion, while effects on genes related to synaptic transmission were much more pronounced after replantation than after avulsion alone. These data indicate that the axonal regenerative response from replantation is initiated at an earlier stage than t ...
... acute inflammatory response was observed after avulsion, while effects on genes related to synaptic transmission were much more pronounced after replantation than after avulsion alone. These data indicate that the axonal regenerative response from replantation is initiated at an earlier stage than t ...
Golgi: a life in science - Oxford Academic
... electron microscope many years later that his views could finally be proven. Nerves touch one another, they do not fuse. Golgi was angered and hurt at the widespread abandonment of the reticular theory and acceptance of the neuron doctrine by most of his fellow scientists. He made defence of the ret ...
... electron microscope many years later that his views could finally be proven. Nerves touch one another, they do not fuse. Golgi was angered and hurt at the widespread abandonment of the reticular theory and acceptance of the neuron doctrine by most of his fellow scientists. He made defence of the ret ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... in males and females. An improved understanding of the neuroanatomical relationships between sexually dimorphic parts of the forebrain has contributed to a significant paradigm shift in how functional neural systems are approached experimentally. This review focuses on the organization of interconne ...
... in males and females. An improved understanding of the neuroanatomical relationships between sexually dimorphic parts of the forebrain has contributed to a significant paradigm shift in how functional neural systems are approached experimentally. This review focuses on the organization of interconne ...
Module 5: Pain Management - Open.Michigan
... Author(s): Heather Hartney (University of Michigan), RN 2012 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with ...
... Author(s): Heather Hartney (University of Michigan), RN 2012 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... body corresponds to the metabollic center of a neuron, and it gives rise to two types of processes - the dendrites and the axon. The dendrites, commonly referred to as the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre ...
... body corresponds to the metabollic center of a neuron, and it gives rise to two types of processes - the dendrites and the axon. The dendrites, commonly referred to as the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre ...
Pacifier Use May Decrease the Risk of SIDS Abstract Introduction
... contract, and the teeth touch, which activates the Me5 and causes it to release glutamate onto ARAS nuclei, the PAG and parasympathetic nuclei. The net result is attenuation of the inhibitory effects of GABA. Under these conditions, certain nerve cells die and activate glial cells that release IL1 b ...
... contract, and the teeth touch, which activates the Me5 and causes it to release glutamate onto ARAS nuclei, the PAG and parasympathetic nuclei. The net result is attenuation of the inhibitory effects of GABA. Under these conditions, certain nerve cells die and activate glial cells that release IL1 b ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
... has not yet been deciphered. It has been proposed that bradykinesia (motor slowness) is related either to a modification of the activity of the globus pallidus internalis (GPi), the main output structure, or to a loss of spatial selectivity of the extrapyramidal motor system. Here we investigate the ...
... has not yet been deciphered. It has been proposed that bradykinesia (motor slowness) is related either to a modification of the activity of the globus pallidus internalis (GPi), the main output structure, or to a loss of spatial selectivity of the extrapyramidal motor system. Here we investigate the ...
Dendrite structure
... cortex (Parra et al. 1988). Dendrites of retinal ganglion cells are laminar radiations offset by an apical stem. Nearly 20 kinds of retinal ganglion cells can be distinguished by their dendritic arborization patterns (Sterling 1990). Three basic types, alpha, beta, and gamma cells (Wingate et al. 19 ...
... cortex (Parra et al. 1988). Dendrites of retinal ganglion cells are laminar radiations offset by an apical stem. Nearly 20 kinds of retinal ganglion cells can be distinguished by their dendritic arborization patterns (Sterling 1990). Three basic types, alpha, beta, and gamma cells (Wingate et al. 19 ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... recently, ISI (slow inward Ca2þ current) was proposed as a key requirement for bursting activity in an equivalent circuit model, which included the internal Ca2þ concentration and Ca2þ buffer occupancy as state variables. ISI is a slowly oscillating current that is activated by voltage and inactivat ...
... recently, ISI (slow inward Ca2þ current) was proposed as a key requirement for bursting activity in an equivalent circuit model, which included the internal Ca2þ concentration and Ca2þ buffer occupancy as state variables. ISI is a slowly oscillating current that is activated by voltage and inactivat ...
Dendrite structure
... cortex (Parra et al. 1988). Dendrites of retinal ganglion cells are laminar radiations offset by an apical stem. Nearly 20 kinds of retinal ganglion cells can be distinguished by their dendritic arborization patterns (Sterling 1990). Three basic types, alpha, beta, and gamma cells (Wingate et al. 19 ...
... cortex (Parra et al. 1988). Dendrites of retinal ganglion cells are laminar radiations offset by an apical stem. Nearly 20 kinds of retinal ganglion cells can be distinguished by their dendritic arborization patterns (Sterling 1990). Three basic types, alpha, beta, and gamma cells (Wingate et al. 19 ...
completion
... __________ where neurotransmitters attach cause chemical substances to interact and produce pharmacological actions. a. Transmitting neurons b. Axon terminals c. Receptor sites d. Receiving neurons ANS: C ...
... __________ where neurotransmitters attach cause chemical substances to interact and produce pharmacological actions. a. Transmitting neurons b. Axon terminals c. Receptor sites d. Receiving neurons ANS: C ...
Time Constants of h Current in Layer II Stellate Cells... along the Dorsal to Ventral Axis of Medial Entorhinal Cortex
... easily discernable (Dickson and Alonso, 1997; Dickson et al., 2000). Tight seals (⬎1 G⍀) between the recording pipette and cell membrane were formed and ruptured with negative pressure. Recordings were amplified by a Multiclamp 700B (Molecular Devices) or in some initial cases, an Axoclamp 2.0A. Cap ...
... easily discernable (Dickson and Alonso, 1997; Dickson et al., 2000). Tight seals (⬎1 G⍀) between the recording pipette and cell membrane were formed and ruptured with negative pressure. Recordings were amplified by a Multiclamp 700B (Molecular Devices) or in some initial cases, an Axoclamp 2.0A. Cap ...
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of
... for RT-PCR (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) following manufacturer’s instructions. Controls without reverse transcriptase were performed to demonstrate the absence of contaminating genomic DNA. Brain and thymus total RNA were also reverse transcribed and used as positive and negative controls, ...
... for RT-PCR (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) following manufacturer’s instructions. Controls without reverse transcriptase were performed to demonstrate the absence of contaminating genomic DNA. Brain and thymus total RNA were also reverse transcribed and used as positive and negative controls, ...
Comparative molecular neuroanatomy of mammalian neocortex
... that can adapt to a range of information processing (Douglas and Martin 2004; Bannister 2005). The current evidence indicates that different types of extrinsic and intrinsic neurons constitute each lamina (Lund et al. 1994; Molyneaux et al. 2007; Thomson and Lamy 2007; Leone et al. 2008). The homolo ...
... that can adapt to a range of information processing (Douglas and Martin 2004; Bannister 2005). The current evidence indicates that different types of extrinsic and intrinsic neurons constitute each lamina (Lund et al. 1994; Molyneaux et al. 2007; Thomson and Lamy 2007; Leone et al. 2008). The homolo ...
הצעה למבנה הקוריקולום לקורסים הקדם
... biosynthesis and secretion by the ovary. Identify the cells responsible for their biosynthesis, the mechanism of their transport in the blood, and how they are degraded and removed from the body. 2) List the major target organs and cell types for estrogen action and describe its effects on each. 3) ...
... biosynthesis and secretion by the ovary. Identify the cells responsible for their biosynthesis, the mechanism of their transport in the blood, and how they are degraded and removed from the body. 2) List the major target organs and cell types for estrogen action and describe its effects on each. 3) ...
Neural circuit rewiring: insights from DD synapse remodeling
... Compared to most other examples of large scale synapse rewiring involving neurite growth, retraction, or in some cases, even the death of inappropriately connected neurons,32 DD remodeling appears to be unique. However, the discovery of this unique form of neural plasticity is primarily because of o ...
... Compared to most other examples of large scale synapse rewiring involving neurite growth, retraction, or in some cases, even the death of inappropriately connected neurons,32 DD remodeling appears to be unique. However, the discovery of this unique form of neural plasticity is primarily because of o ...
Volume and Number of Neurons of the Human
... with different interpoint distances for different subdivisions: 2 mm for subiculum and CA1, 1 mm for CA3-2 and hilus, and 0.2 mm for the granule cell layer. The third step was measuring the numerical density of neurons in the HF subdivisions by using the disector method (Sterio, 1984; Gundersen et a ...
... with different interpoint distances for different subdivisions: 2 mm for subiculum and CA1, 1 mm for CA3-2 and hilus, and 0.2 mm for the granule cell layer. The third step was measuring the numerical density of neurons in the HF subdivisions by using the disector method (Sterio, 1984; Gundersen et a ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... The way an animal responds to a stimulus is determined by a complex interplay between innate drives and learned reactions. In order to understand how an animal acquires or modifies knowledge or skills (learning) and stores and retrieves that information for later use (memory), we must first understa ...
... The way an animal responds to a stimulus is determined by a complex interplay between innate drives and learned reactions. In order to understand how an animal acquires or modifies knowledge or skills (learning) and stores and retrieves that information for later use (memory), we must first understa ...
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective
... input from muscle. Such afferents subserve ongoing homeostatic adjustments to muscular work, but when strongly activated they are also directly responsible for the feelings of muscle burn, pain, and cramping. The co-mingling of these muscle-selective neurons in lamina I with other cells selectively ...
... input from muscle. Such afferents subserve ongoing homeostatic adjustments to muscular work, but when strongly activated they are also directly responsible for the feelings of muscle burn, pain, and cramping. The co-mingling of these muscle-selective neurons in lamina I with other cells selectively ...
the electron microscopic localization of
... extracellular spaces of considerable extent. These spaces contribute to the large "inulin space" of 18.6 per cent (Treherne, 1962 a): this total extracellular phase is very large compared with that of the vertebrate (Horstmann and Meves, 1959; et al., 1962) or leech (Coggeshall and Fawcett, 1964) ce ...
... extracellular spaces of considerable extent. These spaces contribute to the large "inulin space" of 18.6 per cent (Treherne, 1962 a): this total extracellular phase is very large compared with that of the vertebrate (Horstmann and Meves, 1959; et al., 1962) or leech (Coggeshall and Fawcett, 1964) ce ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... When the neurons in the allodynic rats were classified with respect to recording level, it appeared that there was an increase in SA in neurons situated close to the lesion site. As shown in Fig. 1B, the number of units with a SA of ⬎5 Hz was largest at recording sites close to the lesion. This is l ...
... When the neurons in the allodynic rats were classified with respect to recording level, it appeared that there was an increase in SA in neurons situated close to the lesion site. As shown in Fig. 1B, the number of units with a SA of ⬎5 Hz was largest at recording sites close to the lesion. This is l ...
Where is a Nose with Respect to a Foot? The Left
... to the one used to diagnose autotopagnposia, and found an activation in both the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the left superior parietal cortex (SPC). The same regions were documented by Le Clec’H et al. (2000) who asked participants to code the spatial relationship among parts of the human b ...
... to the one used to diagnose autotopagnposia, and found an activation in both the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the left superior parietal cortex (SPC). The same regions were documented by Le Clec’H et al. (2000) who asked participants to code the spatial relationship among parts of the human b ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.