7 Ghrelin signalling
... facts of ghrelin First there was the receptor, discovered as the binding site of synthetic compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body grow ...
... facts of ghrelin First there was the receptor, discovered as the binding site of synthetic compounds that caused the immediate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. These compounds were developed as potential medicaments aiming to restore body grow ...
Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
... was recorded in the prefrontal cortex of three monkeys during the performance of a spatial delayed alternation (DA) task and during the presentation of a variety of visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli. The aim was to study the relationship between mnemonic neuronal processing and other funct ...
... was recorded in the prefrontal cortex of three monkeys during the performance of a spatial delayed alternation (DA) task and during the presentation of a variety of visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli. The aim was to study the relationship between mnemonic neuronal processing and other funct ...
Neural Tissue
... Most are located in the brain and spinal cord Responsible for the distribution of sensory information and the coordination of motor ...
... Most are located in the brain and spinal cord Responsible for the distribution of sensory information and the coordination of motor ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in NTSVLM neurons are modulated by exogenous ATP (AccorsiMendoncßa et al. 2007). Recent studies demonstrated that ATP is an important extracellular messenger involved with the bidirectional signaling in the glia–neuron interaction in the tripartite synaps ...
... and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in NTSVLM neurons are modulated by exogenous ATP (AccorsiMendoncßa et al. 2007). Recent studies demonstrated that ATP is an important extracellular messenger involved with the bidirectional signaling in the glia–neuron interaction in the tripartite synaps ...
Presentation
... • Commonly caused from: • Decreased blood flow • Ion imbalances across the sarcolemma • Accumulation of lactic acid • Cramp – sustained, involuntary muscle contraction ...
... • Commonly caused from: • Decreased blood flow • Ion imbalances across the sarcolemma • Accumulation of lactic acid • Cramp – sustained, involuntary muscle contraction ...
The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement
... (sensory nuclei) whose axons receive stimulus information from the body’s surface. The ventral horn contains groups of motor neurons (motor nuclei) whose axons exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles. Unlike the sensory nuclei, the motor nuclei form columns that run the length of the spi ...
... (sensory nuclei) whose axons receive stimulus information from the body’s surface. The ventral horn contains groups of motor neurons (motor nuclei) whose axons exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles. Unlike the sensory nuclei, the motor nuclei form columns that run the length of the spi ...
Exam 5 Study Guide
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
Development of Subcellular mRNA Compartmentation in
... of particular mRNAs into dendrites, which together create the capacity for local synthesis of particular proteins, play a key role in establishing the molecular domains that allow dendrites to function as they do. Given the fact that RNA sorting and transport mechanisms are such prominent features o ...
... of particular mRNAs into dendrites, which together create the capacity for local synthesis of particular proteins, play a key role in establishing the molecular domains that allow dendrites to function as they do. Given the fact that RNA sorting and transport mechanisms are such prominent features o ...
Fifty years of CPGs: two neuroethological papers that shaped BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
... M. Hughes, visiting from Cambridge, found that the deafferented crayfish abdominal nerve cord sometimes continued to produce coordinated bursts of spikes in motor axons that innervated different swimmerets (Hughes and Wiersma, 1960), a motor pattern that drives coordinated swimmeret beating during n ...
... M. Hughes, visiting from Cambridge, found that the deafferented crayfish abdominal nerve cord sometimes continued to produce coordinated bursts of spikes in motor axons that innervated different swimmerets (Hughes and Wiersma, 1960), a motor pattern that drives coordinated swimmeret beating during n ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... 87%. To encourage animals to use a nonconservative response criterion, cells in whisker-related parts of the thalamus, we applied microstimulawe only mildly punished licks in the interstimulus interval with an addition at intensities (8 –15 A) slightly higher than during psychophysical tional 1.5 s ...
... 87%. To encourage animals to use a nonconservative response criterion, cells in whisker-related parts of the thalamus, we applied microstimulawe only mildly punished licks in the interstimulus interval with an addition at intensities (8 –15 A) slightly higher than during psychophysical tional 1.5 s ...
Axon Guidance
... regular pattern of addition of new axons. • Previously formed axon bundles become pathways for later following axons. ...
... regular pattern of addition of new axons. • Previously formed axon bundles become pathways for later following axons. ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... Using conductance-based models, they showed that a simple model could reproduce these responses. Their model contained superficial and deep pyramidal cells with a common pool of inhibitory cells. All three neuronal populations received thalamic drive and were fully interconnected. The deep pyramidal ...
... Using conductance-based models, they showed that a simple model could reproduce these responses. Their model contained superficial and deep pyramidal cells with a common pool of inhibitory cells. All three neuronal populations received thalamic drive and were fully interconnected. The deep pyramidal ...
Quantitative morphological changes in neurons from the dorsal
... and determination coefficients (r and R2, respectively) we found that there was a high reciprocal dependence between both parameters, which does not disappear in the older animals. In 63.97%, 75.04%, 71.12%, and 53.35% of cases, modifications in somata size were accompanied by a similar change in nu ...
... and determination coefficients (r and R2, respectively) we found that there was a high reciprocal dependence between both parameters, which does not disappear in the older animals. In 63.97%, 75.04%, 71.12%, and 53.35% of cases, modifications in somata size were accompanied by a similar change in nu ...
From Membrane to Cytoskeleton: Minireview
... axon extension. The deficiency in Profilin was shown to reduce axonal outgrowth by nerve cord explants on a nonphysiological substrate in vitro, and the “stranded” phenotype in the chic mutant was shown to result from a depletion of maternally deposited Profilin in a zygotic null background. In neur ...
... axon extension. The deficiency in Profilin was shown to reduce axonal outgrowth by nerve cord explants on a nonphysiological substrate in vitro, and the “stranded” phenotype in the chic mutant was shown to result from a depletion of maternally deposited Profilin in a zygotic null background. In neur ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... the notion that continuous sensory maps are often built in two-dimensional sheets, raising the possibility that the bulb contains a topographically-organized map for smell not so different from topographic maps for other sensory modalities. Of course, maps are useful only insofar as they are read: t ...
... the notion that continuous sensory maps are often built in two-dimensional sheets, raising the possibility that the bulb contains a topographically-organized map for smell not so different from topographic maps for other sensory modalities. Of course, maps are useful only insofar as they are read: t ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... modeling problem; it is not clear how neurons and synapses operating on a millisecond time scale can encode information about time intervals on the order of seconds. Moreover, how can such an internal representation of time be adapted to reflect changes in the stimulus interval duration? To answer t ...
... modeling problem; it is not clear how neurons and synapses operating on a millisecond time scale can encode information about time intervals on the order of seconds. Moreover, how can such an internal representation of time be adapted to reflect changes in the stimulus interval duration? To answer t ...
Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley&O'Loughlin
... been completed, in time to correct or avoid a potentially dangerous situation. ...
... been completed, in time to correct or avoid a potentially dangerous situation. ...
The LIM and POU homeobox genes ttx-3 and unc
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... neuropil. It is the common pattern of innervation for hollow organs such as the digestive tract. Diffuse neuropil presents the classical picture of "a tangled confusion" (Horridge, 1961) (Fig. 4). Neurons contributing to it in most invertebrates are either monopolar elements of average or large size ...
... neuropil. It is the common pattern of innervation for hollow organs such as the digestive tract. Diffuse neuropil presents the classical picture of "a tangled confusion" (Horridge, 1961) (Fig. 4). Neurons contributing to it in most invertebrates are either monopolar elements of average or large size ...
Descending Tracts
... It receives projection fibers from the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, and gives origin to two descending extrapyramidal tracts: •The lateral tectospinal tract: Originates from the superior colliculus (the center of visual reflexes), crosses to the opposite side and terminates in the cervical ...
... It receives projection fibers from the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, and gives origin to two descending extrapyramidal tracts: •The lateral tectospinal tract: Originates from the superior colliculus (the center of visual reflexes), crosses to the opposite side and terminates in the cervical ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, while with extended postfixation, impregnation of degenerating ne ...
... been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, while with extended postfixation, impregnation of degenerating ne ...
Symmetric versus asymmetric cell division during neurogenesis in
... see [5,7] (Table 1). Given that both types of progenitor extend across the entire apical–basal width of the neural tube wall, such divisions will increase the number of radial units [14]; that is, lead to lateral expansion of the neural tube wall. An unresolved, key issue is whether basal and su ...
... see [5,7] (Table 1). Given that both types of progenitor extend across the entire apical–basal width of the neural tube wall, such divisions will increase the number of radial units [14]; that is, lead to lateral expansion of the neural tube wall. An unresolved, key issue is whether basal and su ...
PDF file
... (e.g., computing covariance matrix for each neuron). The multi-layer in-place learning network proposed here is an in-place learning network whose architecture is biologically inspired. The weight vector of each neuron is not computed based on gradient. Instead, it is the amnesic average (called the ...
... (e.g., computing covariance matrix for each neuron). The multi-layer in-place learning network proposed here is an in-place learning network whose architecture is biologically inspired. The weight vector of each neuron is not computed based on gradient. Instead, it is the amnesic average (called the ...
Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... Numerous studies performed through the use of conditional inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conve ...
... Numerous studies performed through the use of conditional inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conve ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.