Continuous transformation learning of translation
... CT-based learning we describe here can be powerful, for it relies on spatial overlap between stimuli in small regions of the input space, but given training exemplars throughout the space enables transforms in quite distant parts of the continuous input space to be associated together onto the same ...
... CT-based learning we describe here can be powerful, for it relies on spatial overlap between stimuli in small regions of the input space, but given training exemplars throughout the space enables transforms in quite distant parts of the continuous input space to be associated together onto the same ...
Interactions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and
... GnIH may be important for the timing of reproduction in all photoperiodic bird species, as is the case for GnRH. In song sparrows subjected to a simulated annual cycle of changing photoperiod, GnIH-ir neuron area was significantly greater at the termination of the breeding cycle (long day) when comp ...
... GnIH may be important for the timing of reproduction in all photoperiodic bird species, as is the case for GnRH. In song sparrows subjected to a simulated annual cycle of changing photoperiod, GnIH-ir neuron area was significantly greater at the termination of the breeding cycle (long day) when comp ...
The neural subjective frame: from bodily signals to perceptual
... seem to imply that the first-person perspective inherent to conscious perceptual experience would arise somehow from externally triggered signals. However, the first-person perspective does exist even in the absence of sensory stimulation, and should pre-exist perceptual experience: there cannot be ...
... seem to imply that the first-person perspective inherent to conscious perceptual experience would arise somehow from externally triggered signals. However, the first-person perspective does exist even in the absence of sensory stimulation, and should pre-exist perceptual experience: there cannot be ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... in vivo are measured in the curve of firing rate versus stimulus parameter. We find that when this curve is considered, and when the nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation o ...
... in vivo are measured in the curve of firing rate versus stimulus parameter. We find that when this curve is considered, and when the nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation o ...
Computation by Oscillations: Implications of Experimental Data
... depolarization, relative to the baseline membrane potential, will result in an increase in the frequency of the subthreshold membrane potential oscillation. Based on oscillatory data collected from the combined set of 137 stellate cells, the frequency of subthreshold oscillations shows a substantial ...
... depolarization, relative to the baseline membrane potential, will result in an increase in the frequency of the subthreshold membrane potential oscillation. Based on oscillatory data collected from the combined set of 137 stellate cells, the frequency of subthreshold oscillations shows a substantial ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... Kaczmarek 2005). Potassium channels play a role in sensory adaptation in other sensory areas (Schwindt, Spain, Foehring, Chubb, and Crill 1988; Sanchez-Vives et al. 2000a; Diaz-Quesada and Maravall 2008; Kuznetsova et al. 2008). Depolarization and high frequency firing during sensory responses induce ...
... Kaczmarek 2005). Potassium channels play a role in sensory adaptation in other sensory areas (Schwindt, Spain, Foehring, Chubb, and Crill 1988; Sanchez-Vives et al. 2000a; Diaz-Quesada and Maravall 2008; Kuznetsova et al. 2008). Depolarization and high frequency firing during sensory responses induce ...
Probing scale interaction in brain dynamics through synchronization
... modelled by dividing the brain into discrete volume elements, or voxels, and coupling them according to statistical correlations and structural information [19–21]. Both the Human Brain Project and the Brain Activity Map project propose integrated views to bridge the gap between the behaviour of sin ...
... modelled by dividing the brain into discrete volume elements, or voxels, and coupling them according to statistical correlations and structural information [19–21]. Both the Human Brain Project and the Brain Activity Map project propose integrated views to bridge the gap between the behaviour of sin ...
Circuits of emotion in the primate brain
... (e.g. the insula and anterior cingulate cortex) where internal sensations are associated with external stimuli. Ascending fibers from many cranial nerves report to the NTS the state of all internal organs of the head and body; these signals are either transformed in the NTS into descending commands ...
... (e.g. the insula and anterior cingulate cortex) where internal sensations are associated with external stimuli. Ascending fibers from many cranial nerves report to the NTS the state of all internal organs of the head and body; these signals are either transformed in the NTS into descending commands ...
CHAP NUM="14" ID="CH - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
... nerves carry information to central nervous system and motor nerves carry comthe different organs of the nervous mands away from central nervous system system, especially the brain. • All portions of nervous system are composed of nervous tissue Connect structure to function. After reviewing the b ...
... nerves carry information to central nervous system and motor nerves carry comthe different organs of the nervous mands away from central nervous system system, especially the brain. • All portions of nervous system are composed of nervous tissue Connect structure to function. After reviewing the b ...
Copy of the full paper
... study the circuits underlying behaviour, and how do we determine how changes in circuit output depend on altered synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties? These problems have been approached differently for small and large circuits. In all cases it has become clear that computational approaches ar ...
... study the circuits underlying behaviour, and how do we determine how changes in circuit output depend on altered synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties? These problems have been approached differently for small and large circuits. In all cases it has become clear that computational approaches ar ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... The striatal spiny neurons are usually silent, but under certain conditions fire phasically (in bursts lasting tens of milliseconds to seconds) in response to massive excitatory inputs from the cortex (Gerfen, 1992; Wilson, 1995). These neurons are interconnected with inhibitory collateral connectio ...
... The striatal spiny neurons are usually silent, but under certain conditions fire phasically (in bursts lasting tens of milliseconds to seconds) in response to massive excitatory inputs from the cortex (Gerfen, 1992; Wilson, 1995). These neurons are interconnected with inhibitory collateral connectio ...
High-performance genetically targetable optical neural silencing by
... Arch is a yellow-green light sensitive (Fig. 1B) opsin which appears to express well on the neural plasma membrane (Fig. 1C; see Supplementary Notes on Arch expression levels and enhancing Arch membrane trafficking). Arch-mediated currents exhibited excellent kinetics of light-activation and post-li ...
... Arch is a yellow-green light sensitive (Fig. 1B) opsin which appears to express well on the neural plasma membrane (Fig. 1C; see Supplementary Notes on Arch expression levels and enhancing Arch membrane trafficking). Arch-mediated currents exhibited excellent kinetics of light-activation and post-li ...
Predicting voluntary movements from motor cortical activity with
... or (5 6), and (6 1 2) or (3 4 5), respectively. Only LEDs in the indicated combinations could light up during the preparatory phase. In the one-target condition, the same LED that was illuminated in green during the preparatory phase turned red with the response signal. On each experimental day, blo ...
... or (5 6), and (6 1 2) or (3 4 5), respectively. Only LEDs in the indicated combinations could light up during the preparatory phase. In the one-target condition, the same LED that was illuminated in green during the preparatory phase turned red with the response signal. On each experimental day, blo ...
Biological Cybernetics
... part of the cerebral conex (Shepherd 1979). In lower venebrates. the olfactory system is the largest part of the telencephalon. This system also has a simple cortical intrinsic structure. which in modified form is used in other parts of the brain (Shepherd 1979). The olfactory system deals with a re ...
... part of the cerebral conex (Shepherd 1979). In lower venebrates. the olfactory system is the largest part of the telencephalon. This system also has a simple cortical intrinsic structure. which in modified form is used in other parts of the brain (Shepherd 1979). The olfactory system deals with a re ...
4-nmes
... Electrical stimulation of the muscle causes increase venous and lymphatic return, alter cell membrane permeability, these causes reduction of edema. The treatment is most effective if the current is applied by the method, termed faradism under pressure Faradism under pressure is stimulation of the m ...
... Electrical stimulation of the muscle causes increase venous and lymphatic return, alter cell membrane permeability, these causes reduction of edema. The treatment is most effective if the current is applied by the method, termed faradism under pressure Faradism under pressure is stimulation of the m ...
Neurotic Overview
... c. Cavitation: occurs w/ significant neuron/glia loss; cavity filled w/ interstitial fluid and lined by gliotic brain tissue d. Metabolic Astrocytosis (aka Alzheimers type 2): proliferation/enlargement of gray matter astrocytes in response to metabolic injury such as may occur 2° to liver or kidney ...
... c. Cavitation: occurs w/ significant neuron/glia loss; cavity filled w/ interstitial fluid and lined by gliotic brain tissue d. Metabolic Astrocytosis (aka Alzheimers type 2): proliferation/enlargement of gray matter astrocytes in response to metabolic injury such as may occur 2° to liver or kidney ...
The Number of Cortical Neurons Used to See
... A neuron’s receptive field is the area in the visual field within which the presentation or removal of visual stimuli affects the activity of the neuron. The neuron integrates all the information within the receptive field. Anatomically, a typical neuron has hundreds of dendrites, one cell body, and ...
... A neuron’s receptive field is the area in the visual field within which the presentation or removal of visual stimuli affects the activity of the neuron. The neuron integrates all the information within the receptive field. Anatomically, a typical neuron has hundreds of dendrites, one cell body, and ...
Integration of Perspective and Disparity Cues in Surface
... (area CIP). During the single-unit recording, monkeys were required to perform the delayed-matching-to-sample (successive same/different discrimination) of discriminating surface orientation in stereoscopic computer graphics. Of 211 visually responsive neurons, 66 were intensively tested using the s ...
... (area CIP). During the single-unit recording, monkeys were required to perform the delayed-matching-to-sample (successive same/different discrimination) of discriminating surface orientation in stereoscopic computer graphics. Of 211 visually responsive neurons, 66 were intensively tested using the s ...
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... and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks that evoke cortical plasticity. The neural mechanisms responsible for this differential plasticity remain unclear partly because important sensory and cognitive parameters differ among these tasks. In ...
... and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks that evoke cortical plasticity. The neural mechanisms responsible for this differential plasticity remain unclear partly because important sensory and cognitive parameters differ among these tasks. In ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Lecture 14 Olfaction
... Olfactory nerves: The first pair of cranial nerves. The axons of the OSNs bundle together after passing through the cribriform plate to form the olfactory nerve. Olfactory bulb: The blueberry-sized extension of the brain just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed. • There ar ...
... Olfactory nerves: The first pair of cranial nerves. The axons of the OSNs bundle together after passing through the cribriform plate to form the olfactory nerve. Olfactory bulb: The blueberry-sized extension of the brain just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed. • There ar ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... Fadiga, Gallese, & Fogassi, 1996). These neurons have been called mirror neurons (Gallese et al., 1996). Mirror neurons do not respond either to simple object presentation or to vision of an action mimed with the hand or with the mouth. Observation of actions performed using a tool, such as pliers, ...
... Fadiga, Gallese, & Fogassi, 1996). These neurons have been called mirror neurons (Gallese et al., 1996). Mirror neurons do not respond either to simple object presentation or to vision of an action mimed with the hand or with the mouth. Observation of actions performed using a tool, such as pliers, ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.