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... umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms and milk)(15) and inosine monophosphate (which is present in meat and some fish such as tuna)(16). This evidence, taken together with the identification of glutamate taste receptors(22,23), leads to ...
... umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms and milk)(15) and inosine monophosphate (which is present in meat and some fish such as tuna)(16). This evidence, taken together with the identification of glutamate taste receptors(22,23), leads to ...
Some insights into computational models of (patho)physiological
... accumulate continuously more and more facts. In order to acquire a coherent view of the mechanisms through which the nervous system mediates behavior, the experimental facts have to be related to each other. The interactions between neural components that underlie a given behavior can be studied at ...
... accumulate continuously more and more facts. In order to acquire a coherent view of the mechanisms through which the nervous system mediates behavior, the experimental facts have to be related to each other. The interactions between neural components that underlie a given behavior can be studied at ...
neuron models and basic learning rules
... • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous function is often used as the activation function. This kind of neurons are called continuous neurons. • Typical functions used in an artificial neur ...
... • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous function is often used as the activation function. This kind of neurons are called continuous neurons. • Typical functions used in an artificial neur ...
REVIEW ARTICLE
... the soma, thus drastically low-pass-filtering the electrosensory signal and removing much of its high-frequency information. Two mechanisms may operate to alleviate this problem to allow fine-grained resolution of timing information in the afferent stream: inhibitory control of EPSP duration and vol ...
... the soma, thus drastically low-pass-filtering the electrosensory signal and removing much of its high-frequency information. Two mechanisms may operate to alleviate this problem to allow fine-grained resolution of timing information in the afferent stream: inhibitory control of EPSP duration and vol ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... transmission into fast synaptic wiring transmission that is electrical, and slow volume transmission that is chemical. The doubts about the speed of chemical neurotransmission, and its general validity, were only definitively laid to rest by Bernhard Katz’s seminal experiments on the frog neuromuscu ...
... transmission into fast synaptic wiring transmission that is electrical, and slow volume transmission that is chemical. The doubts about the speed of chemical neurotransmission, and its general validity, were only definitively laid to rest by Bernhard Katz’s seminal experiments on the frog neuromuscu ...
PSYC 2301 Chapter 2
... Peripheral nervous system Includes all neurons not in CNS Involves neurons that are bundled together to carry signals throughout body Nerves Act as primary communication system for PNS Supply CNS with information about body’s environment ...
... Peripheral nervous system Includes all neurons not in CNS Involves neurons that are bundled together to carry signals throughout body Nerves Act as primary communication system for PNS Supply CNS with information about body’s environment ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... increase the frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. ...
... increase the frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. ...
Increased taste intensity perception exhibited by
... the reported range for back pain patients (Apkarian et al., 2004a; Grachev et al., 2001, 2002), and anxiety and depression were statistically not different between patients and normal ...
... the reported range for back pain patients (Apkarian et al., 2004a; Grachev et al., 2001, 2002), and anxiety and depression were statistically not different between patients and normal ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... part by competitive interactions among different inputs innervating the same target cell that profoundly influence synaptic strength and structure. While competition plays out among presynaptic inputs that anterogradely influence their targets, postsynaptic target cells also modulate competition, in ...
... part by competitive interactions among different inputs innervating the same target cell that profoundly influence synaptic strength and structure. While competition plays out among presynaptic inputs that anterogradely influence their targets, postsynaptic target cells also modulate competition, in ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... causes a partial opening of NMDARs, resulting in a lowlevel Ca2" influx required for LTD induction. However, such a simple model inevitably predicts the existence of a LTD window at positive (pre-post) intervals longer than those for LTP induction. This is because, as the amount of Ca2" influx throu ...
... causes a partial opening of NMDARs, resulting in a lowlevel Ca2" influx required for LTD induction. However, such a simple model inevitably predicts the existence of a LTD window at positive (pre-post) intervals longer than those for LTP induction. This is because, as the amount of Ca2" influx throu ...
Cerebellum
... the Purkinje cells which are inhibitory and project to the cerebellar nuclei and to the vestibular nucleus and five classes of interneurons, three of which are inhibitory (steallate, basket, Golgi) and two are excitatory (granule cells and unipolar brush cells). The proximal branches of the P dendri ...
... the Purkinje cells which are inhibitory and project to the cerebellar nuclei and to the vestibular nucleus and five classes of interneurons, three of which are inhibitory (steallate, basket, Golgi) and two are excitatory (granule cells and unipolar brush cells). The proximal branches of the P dendri ...
NIH Public Access
... transmembrane or cytoplasmic domain. It interacts with coreceptors LINGO-1 (Mi et al. 2004) and p75 (Wang et al, 2002) or TAJ/TROY (Park et al. 2005; Shao et al. 2005), depending on neuronal type, to limit axon growth. Enhanced rubrospinal and raphespinal, but not corticospinal, axon regeneration is ...
... transmembrane or cytoplasmic domain. It interacts with coreceptors LINGO-1 (Mi et al. 2004) and p75 (Wang et al, 2002) or TAJ/TROY (Park et al. 2005; Shao et al. 2005), depending on neuronal type, to limit axon growth. Enhanced rubrospinal and raphespinal, but not corticospinal, axon regeneration is ...
Cerebral Cortex Lect
... voluntary movement and it is the primary source of pyramidal tract fibers to cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord (corticospinal tracts). Somatotopic organization = organization based on regional organization of the body (e.g., neck is near the head; hindlimb is near the tail; etc.). The organizatio ...
... voluntary movement and it is the primary source of pyramidal tract fibers to cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord (corticospinal tracts). Somatotopic organization = organization based on regional organization of the body (e.g., neck is near the head; hindlimb is near the tail; etc.). The organizatio ...
Abstract Background Preliminary Data Hypothesis
... and end (P21) of synaptogenesis, electron microscopy (EM) will be performed to assess the size, accumulation and docking of vesicles in the active zone of excitatory neurons in the CA3 region. I expect to see a rescue of size, accumulation and docking of vesicles in the active zone of excitatory syn ...
... and end (P21) of synaptogenesis, electron microscopy (EM) will be performed to assess the size, accumulation and docking of vesicles in the active zone of excitatory neurons in the CA3 region. I expect to see a rescue of size, accumulation and docking of vesicles in the active zone of excitatory syn ...
Disorders of the Spinal Cord
... • lower motor neuron cell bodies are located in the anterior horns (grey matter), for each segment, their axons form an anterior spinal root, and project to groups of muscles (the myotome) • sensory neurons in a dorsal root enter the spinal cord (the territory of skin innervated by a segment – a der ...
... • lower motor neuron cell bodies are located in the anterior horns (grey matter), for each segment, their axons form an anterior spinal root, and project to groups of muscles (the myotome) • sensory neurons in a dorsal root enter the spinal cord (the territory of skin innervated by a segment – a der ...
Cross modality matching of brightness and loudness
... words, when synesthesia occurs, one attribute of a sensation (e.g., sound, light, touch) evokes a psychophysical response of an unrelated attribute, which can be of an entirely different sensory modality. There are individuals who experience unique and curious forms of synesthesia, such as the philo ...
... words, when synesthesia occurs, one attribute of a sensation (e.g., sound, light, touch) evokes a psychophysical response of an unrelated attribute, which can be of an entirely different sensory modality. There are individuals who experience unique and curious forms of synesthesia, such as the philo ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... innervation affects the number of innervating neurons that survive led to the idea that neuronal death matches the number of neurons to the size and requirements of their target ®elds (Oppenheim, 1991). A long established idea, the neurotrophic hypothesis, provides an explanation for how target ®eld ...
... innervation affects the number of innervating neurons that survive led to the idea that neuronal death matches the number of neurons to the size and requirements of their target ®elds (Oppenheim, 1991). A long established idea, the neurotrophic hypothesis, provides an explanation for how target ®eld ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the earliest synaptic response: the first 30 ms following whisker deflection. Responses were averaged over multiple trials (8 to 57 trials per cell), and the ...
... thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the earliest synaptic response: the first 30 ms following whisker deflection. Responses were averaged over multiple trials (8 to 57 trials per cell), and the ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... and glial cells The localization of these different transporters has been investigated systematically using subtype-selective antibodies. These immunocytochemical studies have reinforced some of the conclusions obtained through autoradiography, namely that transporters for a particular neurotransmitt ...
... and glial cells The localization of these different transporters has been investigated systematically using subtype-selective antibodies. These immunocytochemical studies have reinforced some of the conclusions obtained through autoradiography, namely that transporters for a particular neurotransmitt ...
Large-scale spatiotemporal spike patterning consistent with
... cortex of mammals including monkeys15–18 and humans19,20. In particular, we have previously demonstrated that across the precentral gyrus of the upper-limb area of primary motor cortex (MI), these oscillations are not perfectly synchronized but rather exhibit phase gradients that indicate planar pro ...
... cortex of mammals including monkeys15–18 and humans19,20. In particular, we have previously demonstrated that across the precentral gyrus of the upper-limb area of primary motor cortex (MI), these oscillations are not perfectly synchronized but rather exhibit phase gradients that indicate planar pro ...
Electrical Synapses in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... the TRN. The intrinsic firing properties of TRN cells in both mice and rats were similar to previous descriptions (Steriade et al., 1997). The input resistance of the TRN neurons in rats was 166 ⫾ 54 M⍀ (all reported data are means ⫾ SD), and the time constant was 13.1 ⫾ 3.7 msec (n ⫽ 45). The prope ...
... the TRN. The intrinsic firing properties of TRN cells in both mice and rats were similar to previous descriptions (Steriade et al., 1997). The input resistance of the TRN neurons in rats was 166 ⫾ 54 M⍀ (all reported data are means ⫾ SD), and the time constant was 13.1 ⫾ 3.7 msec (n ⫽ 45). The prope ...
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to Perception
... on its dendritic location (44, 94). Because STDP involves the interaction between the synaptic input and the backpropagating AP as well as the downstream cellular mechanisms highly localized at the synaptic site, it is likely to be dendritic location dependent. Indeed, both the amplitude and width o ...
... on its dendritic location (44, 94). Because STDP involves the interaction between the synaptic input and the backpropagating AP as well as the downstream cellular mechanisms highly localized at the synaptic site, it is likely to be dendritic location dependent. Indeed, both the amplitude and width o ...
Acquired Equivalence and Distinctiveness of Cues
... Revaluation of A and C and Test Trials With B and D Prior to the appetitive revaluation procedure, we established that rats’ behavior in the presence of B and D did not differ (see following Results section). We did this by recording the rates of magazine entries during the 10-s periods that immedia ...
... Revaluation of A and C and Test Trials With B and D Prior to the appetitive revaluation procedure, we established that rats’ behavior in the presence of B and D did not differ (see following Results section). We did this by recording the rates of magazine entries during the 10-s periods that immedia ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.