Vesicle-Mediated Transport and Release of
... cation not only in the peripheral immune system (Murphy et al., 2000; Rossi and Zlotnik, 2000; Mackay, 2001; Moser et al., 2004; Rot and von Andrian, 2004) but also in the CNS (for review, see Ransohoff and Tani, 1998; Bacon and Harrison, 2000; Bajetto et al., 2002; Biber et al., 2002a; Ambrosini an ...
... cation not only in the peripheral immune system (Murphy et al., 2000; Rossi and Zlotnik, 2000; Mackay, 2001; Moser et al., 2004; Rot and von Andrian, 2004) but also in the CNS (for review, see Ransohoff and Tani, 1998; Bacon and Harrison, 2000; Bajetto et al., 2002; Biber et al., 2002a; Ambrosini an ...
A Monosynaptic GABAergic Input from the Inferior Colliculus to the
... 100 gm of body weight). The lateral superior colliculus, brachium of the IC (BIC), and MGB were surgically exposed by aspiration of the overlying cortex. Red tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate (TRITC) latex microspheres (Lumafluor, Naples, FL) were pressure injected by Picospritzer (General Valve, ...
... 100 gm of body weight). The lateral superior colliculus, brachium of the IC (BIC), and MGB were surgically exposed by aspiration of the overlying cortex. Red tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate (TRITC) latex microspheres (Lumafluor, Naples, FL) were pressure injected by Picospritzer (General Valve, ...
Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
... SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC. • Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. ...
... SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC. • Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. ...
Chapter 14 - next2eden.net
... All of the following statements about the ANS are true except ______. a. the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in the CNS b. the autonomic ganglia are in the PNS c. the autonomic ganglia contain motor neurons ...
... All of the following statements about the ANS are true except ______. a. the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in the CNS b. the autonomic ganglia are in the PNS c. the autonomic ganglia contain motor neurons ...
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the Autonomic Nervous System
... occurs as a result of upper motor neuron damage (e.g. from brain hemorrhage). Voluntary motor activity is lost, but reflex movements initiated by spinal cord neurons still occur. The muscle does not become limp (flaccid), but instead becomes more tense and shows hyperactive and uncontrolled movement ...
... occurs as a result of upper motor neuron damage (e.g. from brain hemorrhage). Voluntary motor activity is lost, but reflex movements initiated by spinal cord neurons still occur. The muscle does not become limp (flaccid), but instead becomes more tense and shows hyperactive and uncontrolled movement ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... have of this process is that each decision is represented in an attractor network by a separate attractor state, and that on an individual trial, the continuous value of the evidence biases the two attractors, and which attractor wins the competition depends on the probabilistic spiking of the neuro ...
... have of this process is that each decision is represented in an attractor network by a separate attractor state, and that on an individual trial, the continuous value of the evidence biases the two attractors, and which attractor wins the competition depends on the probabilistic spiking of the neuro ...
Optical probing of neuronal ensemble activity
... behavior. While large-scale electrical recordings can measure population spiking activity in behaving animals [3] they sample local networks only sparsely and are limited in revealing cell types or spatial relationships. As alternative approach optical imaging techniques are rapidly developing [4,5] ...
... behavior. While large-scale electrical recordings can measure population spiking activity in behaving animals [3] they sample local networks only sparsely and are limited in revealing cell types or spatial relationships. As alternative approach optical imaging techniques are rapidly developing [4,5] ...
Emotion and decision-making explained: A prEcis
... reinforcement contingencies that apply for each of very many different rewards and punishers, provides a foundation for classifying different emotions (Chapter 2), for understanding what information processing systems in the brain are involved in emotion, and how each brain system is involved in emo ...
... reinforcement contingencies that apply for each of very many different rewards and punishers, provides a foundation for classifying different emotions (Chapter 2), for understanding what information processing systems in the brain are involved in emotion, and how each brain system is involved in emo ...
CHAPTER 3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
... Sensory receptors in the skin and internal organs respond to changes in pressure and temperature. ...
... Sensory receptors in the skin and internal organs respond to changes in pressure and temperature. ...
Receptive-Field Characteristics of Neurons in Cat Striate Cortex
... intensive study of receptive-field characteristics of neurons in the cat striate cortex. However, nearly all of these studies have concentrated on cells with receptive fields located within 10’ of the area centralis and very few (i.e., ref 27, 28) have commented on properties of cortical neurons ass ...
... intensive study of receptive-field characteristics of neurons in the cat striate cortex. However, nearly all of these studies have concentrated on cells with receptive fields located within 10’ of the area centralis and very few (i.e., ref 27, 28) have commented on properties of cortical neurons ass ...
Distinct Functions of 3 and V Integrin Receptors
... Fishell and Hatten, 1991; Takeichi, 1991; Galileo et al., 1992; Grumet, 1992; Fishman and Hatten, 1993; Tomasiewicz et al., 1993; Rakic et al., 1994; Stipp et al., 1994; Zheng et al., 1996; Baum and Garriga, 1997; Goldman and Luskin, 1998; Zhang and Galileo, 1998). A family of molecules that are cap ...
... Fishell and Hatten, 1991; Takeichi, 1991; Galileo et al., 1992; Grumet, 1992; Fishman and Hatten, 1993; Tomasiewicz et al., 1993; Rakic et al., 1994; Stipp et al., 1994; Zheng et al., 1996; Baum and Garriga, 1997; Goldman and Luskin, 1998; Zhang and Galileo, 1998). A family of molecules that are cap ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... ulus features (7, 8). The tight coupling of excitation and inhibition suggests a more precise, detailed balance, in which each excitatory input arrives at the cell together with an inhibitory counterpart (Fig. 1A), permitting sensory inputs to be transiently (9) or persistently turned on by targeted ...
... ulus features (7, 8). The tight coupling of excitation and inhibition suggests a more precise, detailed balance, in which each excitatory input arrives at the cell together with an inhibitory counterpart (Fig. 1A), permitting sensory inputs to be transiently (9) or persistently turned on by targeted ...
supplemental figures
... Figure S5. Example of isolated unit sorted using MClust software. (a) Spike waveforms of the unit recorded with four channels of a tetrode. (b) Auto-correlogram of the unit with 4 millisecond binsize. (c) Auto-correlogram of the unit with 1 millisecond binsize. ...
... Figure S5. Example of isolated unit sorted using MClust software. (a) Spike waveforms of the unit recorded with four channels of a tetrode. (b) Auto-correlogram of the unit with 4 millisecond binsize. (c) Auto-correlogram of the unit with 1 millisecond binsize. ...
Visual Motion-Detection Circuits in Flies: Small
... Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of nematoceran and brachyceran Diptera, based mostly on morphological characters and reconstructed after Wood and Borkent (1989), Woodly (1989), McAlpine (1989), Sinclair et al. (1993), and Cumming et al. (1995). Camera lucida drawings of insects illustrate the m ...
... Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of nematoceran and brachyceran Diptera, based mostly on morphological characters and reconstructed after Wood and Borkent (1989), Woodly (1989), McAlpine (1989), Sinclair et al. (1993), and Cumming et al. (1995). Camera lucida drawings of insects illustrate the m ...
Receptive-Field Characteristics of Neurons in Cat
... intensive study of receptive-field characteristics of neurons in the cat striate cortex. However, nearly all of these studies have concentrated on cells with receptive fields located within 10’ of the area centralis and very few (i.e., ref 27, 28) have commented on properties of cortical neurons ass ...
... intensive study of receptive-field characteristics of neurons in the cat striate cortex. However, nearly all of these studies have concentrated on cells with receptive fields located within 10’ of the area centralis and very few (i.e., ref 27, 28) have commented on properties of cortical neurons ass ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... of information between areas: They suggested that ‘‘the transformation of an object’s intrinsic properties into specific grips takes place in a circuit that is formed by the inferior parietal lobule and the inferior premotor area (area F5). Neurons in both these areas code size, shape and orientatio ...
... of information between areas: They suggested that ‘‘the transformation of an object’s intrinsic properties into specific grips takes place in a circuit that is formed by the inferior parietal lobule and the inferior premotor area (area F5). Neurons in both these areas code size, shape and orientatio ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
The Vestibular System
... 2. If a muscle is weakened, a given central signal will be inadequate, and the world will move on the retina. 3. This can be mimicked by spectacles that increase retinal slip. 4. In either case, the brain adjusts the VOR signal so the retinal slip is eliminated. 5. The cerebellum is necessary for bo ...
... 2. If a muscle is weakened, a given central signal will be inadequate, and the world will move on the retina. 3. This can be mimicked by spectacles that increase retinal slip. 4. In either case, the brain adjusts the VOR signal so the retinal slip is eliminated. 5. The cerebellum is necessary for bo ...
Endogenous adult neural stem cells: Limits and potential to repair
... 2002). In both models, the demyelination induces the proliferation of cells in the SVZ, their robust migration in the RMS, and their mobilization to the lesion sites. In both cases, cells differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, whereas inflammation leads only to astroglial differentiation ...
... 2002). In both models, the demyelination induces the proliferation of cells in the SVZ, their robust migration in the RMS, and their mobilization to the lesion sites. In both cases, cells differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, whereas inflammation leads only to astroglial differentiation ...
Neural Network Dynamics
... input. In mathematical terms, we need to understand how a system can reconcile a rich internal state structure with a high degree of sensitivity to external variables. This problem is far from solved, but here we review progress that has been made in recent years. Rather than surveying a large numbe ...
... input. In mathematical terms, we need to understand how a system can reconcile a rich internal state structure with a high degree of sensitivity to external variables. This problem is far from solved, but here we review progress that has been made in recent years. Rather than surveying a large numbe ...
Somatic sensation and pain
... • Nociceptors are the free nerve endings of neurons that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglion • When the nociceptors are stimulated, they transmit signals through sensory neurons in the spinal cord • Signals release glutamate, an exicitory neurotransmitter tha ...
... • Nociceptors are the free nerve endings of neurons that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglion • When the nociceptors are stimulated, they transmit signals through sensory neurons in the spinal cord • Signals release glutamate, an exicitory neurotransmitter tha ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... respectively. It is known that PANs are activated at different phases in task performance, and modulation of their taskrelated activity, mostly in the anterior striatum, can be related to the learning of appropriate behavioral reactions to conditioned stimuli (Schultz et al. 2003). On the other hand ...
... respectively. It is known that PANs are activated at different phases in task performance, and modulation of their taskrelated activity, mostly in the anterior striatum, can be related to the learning of appropriate behavioral reactions to conditioned stimuli (Schultz et al. 2003). On the other hand ...
Number, size and distribution of ganglion neurons in urinary bladder
... the specimens we studied, although their densities were not uniform. Thus, although ganglia and neurons, were found in all parts of the Guinea-pig bladder, most were located in the region near the entrance of the ureter. According to Gabella (1990), this area of the bladder is also the point of entr ...
... the specimens we studied, although their densities were not uniform. Thus, although ganglia and neurons, were found in all parts of the Guinea-pig bladder, most were located in the region near the entrance of the ureter. According to Gabella (1990), this area of the bladder is also the point of entr ...
On the relevance of time in neural computation and learning
... modeled quite well by a sigmoidal (i.e. analog) neural net. The analog output value of a sigmoidal gate models the current =ring rate of a neuron in the biological system. On the basis of currently available data one cannot argue that Assumptions (A) and (B) are wrong for all biological neural syste ...
... modeled quite well by a sigmoidal (i.e. analog) neural net. The analog output value of a sigmoidal gate models the current =ring rate of a neuron in the biological system. On the basis of currently available data one cannot argue that Assumptions (A) and (B) are wrong for all biological neural syste ...
Transcripts/2_23 2
... a. The stereocilia are connected by these very small filamentous connections called tip link. It is at this point where the sensory transduction occurs, whereby the stereocilia are deflected the tip links are pulled and they open channels (mechanico-receptive channels) in the ends of the stereocilia ...
... a. The stereocilia are connected by these very small filamentous connections called tip link. It is at this point where the sensory transduction occurs, whereby the stereocilia are deflected the tip links are pulled and they open channels (mechanico-receptive channels) in the ends of the stereocilia ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.