Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... at the beginning of a session to produce a brief (2-5 s) pupillary dilation. The US was delivered to the subcutaneous tissue of the forepaw contralateral to the recording site via a pair of fine wire electrodes. Pupillary size was monitored by an infrared pupillometer (Cassady, Farley, Weinberger, & ...
... at the beginning of a session to produce a brief (2-5 s) pupillary dilation. The US was delivered to the subcutaneous tissue of the forepaw contralateral to the recording site via a pair of fine wire electrodes. Pupillary size was monitored by an infrared pupillometer (Cassady, Farley, Weinberger, & ...
Inhibitory interneurons in the piriform cortex
... express different combinations of calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides. Few Layer I interneurons express any of the molecular markers so far examined. 4. The intrinsic firing properties of one or two types of putative PC interneurons have been measured, and inhibitory postsynaptic responses ha ...
... express different combinations of calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides. Few Layer I interneurons express any of the molecular markers so far examined. 4. The intrinsic firing properties of one or two types of putative PC interneurons have been measured, and inhibitory postsynaptic responses ha ...
Slide 1
... • Coordination between – sensory feed back from peripheral organ – CPG :Central Pattern Generator neuron in brain stem – higher center – jaw reflexes ...
... • Coordination between – sensory feed back from peripheral organ – CPG :Central Pattern Generator neuron in brain stem – higher center – jaw reflexes ...
Local anaesthetics
... Local anaesthetics consist of a lipophilic and hydrophilic portion separated by a hydrocarbon- connecting chain. The hydrophilic group is usually a tertiary amine. The lipophilic portion is usually an unsaturated aromatic ring (e.g. paminobenzoic acid). To exert clinically useful effect there should ...
... Local anaesthetics consist of a lipophilic and hydrophilic portion separated by a hydrocarbon- connecting chain. The hydrophilic group is usually a tertiary amine. The lipophilic portion is usually an unsaturated aromatic ring (e.g. paminobenzoic acid). To exert clinically useful effect there should ...
ORIGIN OF THE PERICELLULAR BASKETS OF THE PYRAMIDAL
... dendrites may measure up to several hundred microns in length. The horizontal dendrites cross the cortex at the same cortical depth as that of the neuronal body and are shorter than the vertical ones. The dendrites of the cortical basket cells are thin, long and moderately covered by dendritic spine ...
... dendrites may measure up to several hundred microns in length. The horizontal dendrites cross the cortex at the same cortical depth as that of the neuronal body and are shorter than the vertical ones. The dendrites of the cortical basket cells are thin, long and moderately covered by dendritic spine ...
Historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the
... H reflex. The tendon jerk’s electrically evoked homolog or H reflex was discovered by Hoffman (1884–1962) in Germany in 1910 just 35 years after the jerk itself; he stimulated the underlying nerves through the skin and recorded the muscle’s response electromyographically. The H reflex was initially ...
... H reflex. The tendon jerk’s electrically evoked homolog or H reflex was discovered by Hoffman (1884–1962) in Germany in 1910 just 35 years after the jerk itself; he stimulated the underlying nerves through the skin and recorded the muscle’s response electromyographically. The H reflex was initially ...
The caudal part of the frontal cortex is strongly involved - LIRA-Lab
... real action, performed by a biological agent (the experimenter or another monkey) is essential for their activation. A mimed action, not interacting with an object, or an action executed by a tool (e.g. pliers) are ineffective in triggering most of F5 mirror neurons. Almost all mirror neurons show a ...
... real action, performed by a biological agent (the experimenter or another monkey) is essential for their activation. A mimed action, not interacting with an object, or an action executed by a tool (e.g. pliers) are ineffective in triggering most of F5 mirror neurons. Almost all mirror neurons show a ...
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
... intracortical recordings of neural signals and fMRI responses. We compared local ®eld potentials (LFPs), single- and multi-unit spiking activity with highly spatio-temporally resolved blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI responses from the visual cortex of monkeys. The largest magnitude changes ...
... intracortical recordings of neural signals and fMRI responses. We compared local ®eld potentials (LFPs), single- and multi-unit spiking activity with highly spatio-temporally resolved blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI responses from the visual cortex of monkeys. The largest magnitude changes ...
The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons
... (SNc) has preferred projections to the dorsal striatum forming the nigrostriatal pathway, which is involved in the control of movement. The mDA system further includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA), located in the A10 group and the retrorubral field located in the A8 group. Dopamine neurons of the ...
... (SNc) has preferred projections to the dorsal striatum forming the nigrostriatal pathway, which is involved in the control of movement. The mDA system further includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA), located in the A10 group and the retrorubral field located in the A8 group. Dopamine neurons of the ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
... This firing mode can be called the ‘oscillatory’ mode. The high voltage, irregular and low frequency waves of slow wave sleep, become manifest when neurons undergo a further hyperpolarization to about -70 till -90 mV. Delta waves have a large amplitude, which implies that extended populations of neu ...
... This firing mode can be called the ‘oscillatory’ mode. The high voltage, irregular and low frequency waves of slow wave sleep, become manifest when neurons undergo a further hyperpolarization to about -70 till -90 mV. Delta waves have a large amplitude, which implies that extended populations of neu ...
the spinal cord and spinal nerves
... Nervous tissue is one of the four main tissue types. It acts together with the endocrine system to regulate homeostasis in the body. The nervous system has many similarities with the endocrine system, and they control of the activities of the body to keep it within optimal limits. However, the nervo ...
... Nervous tissue is one of the four main tissue types. It acts together with the endocrine system to regulate homeostasis in the body. The nervous system has many similarities with the endocrine system, and they control of the activities of the body to keep it within optimal limits. However, the nervo ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... Many of the individual processes playing a role have already been identified. These include cerebral energy consumption and metabolism, neuronal membrane voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messen ...
... Many of the individual processes playing a role have already been identified. These include cerebral energy consumption and metabolism, neuronal membrane voltage dynamics and action potential generation, synaptic functioning, changes in extra- and intracellular concentrations (ions, molecular messen ...
Posterior Pituitary
... The posterior pituitary is significantly different in structure and function from the anterior pituitary. As its name implies, the posterior pituitary is behind the anterior pituitary (toward the back). It contains mostly axons of secretory neurons and neuroglia cells; the cell bodies of these neuro ...
... The posterior pituitary is significantly different in structure and function from the anterior pituitary. As its name implies, the posterior pituitary is behind the anterior pituitary (toward the back). It contains mostly axons of secretory neurons and neuroglia cells; the cell bodies of these neuro ...
File
... At the organismal level, plants and animals respond to environmental stimuli by very different means. ○ Animals, being mobile, respond mainly by behavioral mechanisms, moving toward positive stimuli and away from negative stimuli. ○ Plants are stationary and generally respond to environmental cues b ...
... At the organismal level, plants and animals respond to environmental stimuli by very different means. ○ Animals, being mobile, respond mainly by behavioral mechanisms, moving toward positive stimuli and away from negative stimuli. ○ Plants are stationary and generally respond to environmental cues b ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... in random order (see below). Error trials were repeated after a random number of other trials. Stimuli. A total of 12 objects were used for each neuron— 6 of them were common to all neurons (Fig. 1), and the remaining 6 were chosen for each neuron out of a library of 18 objects to evoke a broad rang ...
... in random order (see below). Error trials were repeated after a random number of other trials. Stimuli. A total of 12 objects were used for each neuron— 6 of them were common to all neurons (Fig. 1), and the remaining 6 were chosen for each neuron out of a library of 18 objects to evoke a broad rang ...
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound
... ance separated by 100 m were connected to the TDT 16-channel the entire recording session. Single-unit responses to a series of tone preamplifier of the recording system and dorsoventrally advanced bursts were eventually displayed by dot rasters or peristimulus time hisinto the CN. During the elect ...
... ance separated by 100 m were connected to the TDT 16-channel the entire recording session. Single-unit responses to a series of tone preamplifier of the recording system and dorsoventrally advanced bursts were eventually displayed by dot rasters or peristimulus time hisinto the CN. During the elect ...
CHAPTER 41
... permeable to hydrogen ions, but carbon dioxide passes through this barrier almost as if the barrier did not exist. Consequently, whenever the blood Pco2 increases, so does the Pco2 of both the interstitial fluid of the medulla and the cerebro-spinal fluid. In both these fluids, the carbon dioxide im ...
... permeable to hydrogen ions, but carbon dioxide passes through this barrier almost as if the barrier did not exist. Consequently, whenever the blood Pco2 increases, so does the Pco2 of both the interstitial fluid of the medulla and the cerebro-spinal fluid. In both these fluids, the carbon dioxide im ...
Insufficiency of digestion
... digestion of components of food that get into a alimentary chanel (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), absorption of formed nutrients and removing from an organism some end-products of metabolism. Numerous functions of digestive system are adjusted by the central and vegetative nervous system, humoral a ...
... digestion of components of food that get into a alimentary chanel (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), absorption of formed nutrients and removing from an organism some end-products of metabolism. Numerous functions of digestive system are adjusted by the central and vegetative nervous system, humoral a ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... FIG. 4. DRI does not appear to function as a CPG element. DRI, C2 and 2 DSIs were impaled with intracellular electrodes. The two DSIs were stimulated to fire at 20 Hz for 20 sec (hatched bar) while DRI was hyperpolarized to prevent its spiking. This procedure failed to prevent the swim motor program ...
... FIG. 4. DRI does not appear to function as a CPG element. DRI, C2 and 2 DSIs were impaled with intracellular electrodes. The two DSIs were stimulated to fire at 20 Hz for 20 sec (hatched bar) while DRI was hyperpolarized to prevent its spiking. This procedure failed to prevent the swim motor program ...
The dynamic spatio-temporal behavior of visual responses in
... spatial and temporal aspects of visual receptive fields change not only by means of the actual visual stimulation but also as a consequence of the state of the network. In this short review we will try to summarize the different aspects which can influence the temporal firing patterns of cells in th ...
... spatial and temporal aspects of visual receptive fields change not only by means of the actual visual stimulation but also as a consequence of the state of the network. In this short review we will try to summarize the different aspects which can influence the temporal firing patterns of cells in th ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... sensitive pathways, are processed in the thalamus and then conducted to specific brain regions. These pathways may comprise of different nerves (cranial, viscerosensitive and somatosensitive); neuronal pathways are not the only ones are activated by stressors. Especially chemical signals (such as hy ...
... sensitive pathways, are processed in the thalamus and then conducted to specific brain regions. These pathways may comprise of different nerves (cranial, viscerosensitive and somatosensitive); neuronal pathways are not the only ones are activated by stressors. Especially chemical signals (such as hy ...
Hindbrain catecholamine neurons mediate
... Previous work using the retrogradely transported immunotoxin, saporin (SAP) conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against dopamine-hhydroxylase (DBH; DSAP), to selectively lesion norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons projecting to the medial hypothalamus, demonstrated the essential role of t ...
... Previous work using the retrogradely transported immunotoxin, saporin (SAP) conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against dopamine-hhydroxylase (DBH; DSAP), to selectively lesion norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons projecting to the medial hypothalamus, demonstrated the essential role of t ...
A PRIMER ON EEG AND RELATED MEASURES OF BRAIN ACTIVITY
... processes. For example, between a certain brain activity and the behavioral act many events occur: Synaptic transmission, the gradual build-up of post-synaptic potentials, action potentials, and so on. These events take time, resulting in a delay between the brain activity and the behavioral act th ...
... processes. For example, between a certain brain activity and the behavioral act many events occur: Synaptic transmission, the gradual build-up of post-synaptic potentials, action potentials, and so on. These events take time, resulting in a delay between the brain activity and the behavioral act th ...
PDF
... In this Section we consider our simple mathematical model of axon growth (Li et al., 2007; Borisyuk et al., 2008). This model has been studied in detail and has been used here for generation of the connectome model of the whole spinal cord. For the convenience of the reader we include here a brief r ...
... In this Section we consider our simple mathematical model of axon growth (Li et al., 2007; Borisyuk et al., 2008). This model has been studied in detail and has been used here for generation of the connectome model of the whole spinal cord. For the convenience of the reader we include here a brief r ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.