Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... et al., 2010; Dubnau and Chiang, 2013). However, it remains unclear how peripheral odor responses are transformed into behavioral performance and how learning redirects the transformation. ...
... et al., 2010; Dubnau and Chiang, 2013). However, it remains unclear how peripheral odor responses are transformed into behavioral performance and how learning redirects the transformation. ...
pdf - Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center
... target (Go) and nontarget (NoGo) stimulus may be made equivalent in all respects but the critical aspect, namely, the behavioural goal that is ascribed solely to the target stimulus. Previously, the Go/NoGo paradigm has been used to elucidate the brain areas that support the response inhibition proc ...
... target (Go) and nontarget (NoGo) stimulus may be made equivalent in all respects but the critical aspect, namely, the behavioural goal that is ascribed solely to the target stimulus. Previously, the Go/NoGo paradigm has been used to elucidate the brain areas that support the response inhibition proc ...
GI Physiology - joshcorwin.com
... stimulus for release is the presence of fats in the chyme. These hormones are released from the small intestine and circulate through the blood stream eventually reaching the stomach where they increase pyloric tone and inhibit antral contractions giving the duodenum more time to digest the fats tha ...
... stimulus for release is the presence of fats in the chyme. These hormones are released from the small intestine and circulate through the blood stream eventually reaching the stomach where they increase pyloric tone and inhibit antral contractions giving the duodenum more time to digest the fats tha ...
The Brain (Handout)
... In multicellar organism, cells specialized for receptor function are located on the surface. Other cells specialized for the transmission and analysis of information are located in the protected interior and are linked to effector cells, usually muscles, which produce adaptive responses. As do unice ...
... In multicellar organism, cells specialized for receptor function are located on the surface. Other cells specialized for the transmission and analysis of information are located in the protected interior and are linked to effector cells, usually muscles, which produce adaptive responses. As do unice ...
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
... functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to be centered on a different type of the frontal lobe: the "motor" circuit is focuses on the precentral motor ...
... functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to be centered on a different type of the frontal lobe: the "motor" circuit is focuses on the precentral motor ...
21. Basal ganglion
... The basal ganglia are referred as extrapyramidal motor system. Their function is to facilitate purposeful behaviour and movements and to inhibit unwanted or inappropriate (not suitable ) movements. When a movement is initiated from the cerebral cortex, impulses discharge not only through corticospin ...
... The basal ganglia are referred as extrapyramidal motor system. Their function is to facilitate purposeful behaviour and movements and to inhibit unwanted or inappropriate (not suitable ) movements. When a movement is initiated from the cerebral cortex, impulses discharge not only through corticospin ...
Corticofugal modulation of frequency processing in bat auditory
... the neural representation of auditory information. Finally, our data indicate that egocentric selection is one of the fundamental functions of the auditory cortex, because it is found for frequencydomain processing, which is shared by all higher vertebrates, as well as for time (echo-delay)-domain p ...
... the neural representation of auditory information. Finally, our data indicate that egocentric selection is one of the fundamental functions of the auditory cortex, because it is found for frequencydomain processing, which is shared by all higher vertebrates, as well as for time (echo-delay)-domain p ...
The Science of Psychology
... neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles. • Enzyme - a complex protein that is manufactured by cells. • One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly, so reuptake would be too slow. Menu ...
... neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles. • Enzyme - a complex protein that is manufactured by cells. • One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly, so reuptake would be too slow. Menu ...
Respiratory Physiology
... Creatinine is used because it fulfills these requirements (though not perfectly), and it is produced naturally by the body. The result of this test is an important gauge used in assessing excretory function of the kidneys. Inulin and PAH Inulin is freely filtered at the glomerulus and is neither rea ...
... Creatinine is used because it fulfills these requirements (though not perfectly), and it is produced naturally by the body. The result of this test is an important gauge used in assessing excretory function of the kidneys. Inulin and PAH Inulin is freely filtered at the glomerulus and is neither rea ...
CHAPTER 39
... elongation, and differentiation of cells. Some hormones also mediate shorter-term physiological responses of plants to environmental stimuli. Each hormone has multiple effects, depending on its site of action, its concentration, and the developmental stage of the plant. Response to a hormone usually ...
... elongation, and differentiation of cells. Some hormones also mediate shorter-term physiological responses of plants to environmental stimuli. Each hormone has multiple effects, depending on its site of action, its concentration, and the developmental stage of the plant. Response to a hormone usually ...
Isoforms of the human histamine H receptor
... of the i3 loop) were not45. Isoform hH3R221 functionality was not analyzed, with only 5 TM regions and loss of 80 aa at the i3 loop. In the same study, the response to different agonists showed that they were 5-27-fold more potent to activate isoform hH3R365 than isoform hH3R445. By contrast, select ...
... of the i3 loop) were not45. Isoform hH3R221 functionality was not analyzed, with only 5 TM regions and loss of 80 aa at the i3 loop. In the same study, the response to different agonists showed that they were 5-27-fold more potent to activate isoform hH3R365 than isoform hH3R445. By contrast, select ...
multispectral labeling technique to map many neighboring axonal
... both red- and green-labeled vesicles in their somata (Fig. 1b). 95.4% of the vesicles (372/390) had red or green fluorescence that was unmixed (either purely red or purely green), which is consistent with the idea that the dyes do not mix by fusion of vesicles during either transport or processing i ...
... both red- and green-labeled vesicles in their somata (Fig. 1b). 95.4% of the vesicles (372/390) had red or green fluorescence that was unmixed (either purely red or purely green), which is consistent with the idea that the dyes do not mix by fusion of vesicles during either transport or processing i ...
The beginning of connectomics: a commentary on White
... devised for aligning the electron micrographs and transferring the aligned images onto a filmstrip so that they could be back-projected one by one onto the tablet for tracing the cell outlines. By putting these outlines together through the stack of images, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the ...
... devised for aligning the electron micrographs and transferring the aligned images onto a filmstrip so that they could be back-projected one by one onto the tablet for tracing the cell outlines. By putting these outlines together through the stack of images, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the ...
CHAPTER 39
... elongation, and differentiation of cells. Some hormones also mediate shorter-term physiological responses of plants to environmental stimuli. Each hormone has multiple effects, depending on its site of action, its concentration, and the developmental stage of the plant. Response to a hormone usually ...
... elongation, and differentiation of cells. Some hormones also mediate shorter-term physiological responses of plants to environmental stimuli. Each hormone has multiple effects, depending on its site of action, its concentration, and the developmental stage of the plant. Response to a hormone usually ...
Differential roles of delay-period neural activity in the monkey
... preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two complementary processes: Sensory-coupled cells hold information of stimuli, and preparatory-set cells prepare for action in r ...
... preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two complementary processes: Sensory-coupled cells hold information of stimuli, and preparatory-set cells prepare for action in r ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... application to dopamine5 or to stimulation of substantia nigra or cerebral cortex11,21, to respond with EPSPIPSP sequences to thalamic stimulation27, and to rarely or never exhibit antidromic responses to stimulation of substantia nigra21. Pure excitatory orthodromic responses are, on the other hand ...
... application to dopamine5 or to stimulation of substantia nigra or cerebral cortex11,21, to respond with EPSPIPSP sequences to thalamic stimulation27, and to rarely or never exhibit antidromic responses to stimulation of substantia nigra21. Pure excitatory orthodromic responses are, on the other hand ...
Muscle 2 - Mt. SAC
... • Severe plasma acidosis (whole body model), however, may impair muscle performance by interfering with CNS interaction with muscle ...
... • Severe plasma acidosis (whole body model), however, may impair muscle performance by interfering with CNS interaction with muscle ...
Wirth et al., 2009, Neuron
... (Figure 1D). We did not attempt to select cells based on their firing properties and instead recorded from the first well-isolated hippocampal cells encountered. To examine how cells signaled information about trial outcome, we focused on neural activity during the 2000 ms following the bar release ...
... (Figure 1D). We did not attempt to select cells based on their firing properties and instead recorded from the first well-isolated hippocampal cells encountered. To examine how cells signaled information about trial outcome, we focused on neural activity during the 2000 ms following the bar release ...
The perception of pain
... • Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage IASP – International Association for the Study of Pain 2009 ...
... • Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage IASP – International Association for the Study of Pain 2009 ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... stimulus, randomly selected from one of eight canonical directions seponly to the ascending pathway: (1) SC–MT relay neurons, which both received SC input and projected to MT, along with neurons that had only arated by 45°. For the neurons we report on, we typically used a randomone of these identif ...
... stimulus, randomly selected from one of eight canonical directions seponly to the ascending pathway: (1) SC–MT relay neurons, which both received SC input and projected to MT, along with neurons that had only arated by 45°. For the neurons we report on, we typically used a randomone of these identif ...
Biological constraints limit the use of rapamycin
... Background: Rapamycin-induced translocation systems can be used to manipulate biological processes with precise temporal control. These systems are based on rapamycin-induced dimerization of FK506 Binding Protein 12 (FKBP12) with the FKBP Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mammalian target of rapamyc ...
... Background: Rapamycin-induced translocation systems can be used to manipulate biological processes with precise temporal control. These systems are based on rapamycin-induced dimerization of FK506 Binding Protein 12 (FKBP12) with the FKBP Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mammalian target of rapamyc ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... macrovibrisae showed that whisking neurons similar to those observed in the trigeminal ganglion were located in the TMnu. These neurons had different patterns of activation, which were dependent on the type of spontaneous macrovibrissae movement. In particular, their spiking activity tonically incre ...
... macrovibrisae showed that whisking neurons similar to those observed in the trigeminal ganglion were located in the TMnu. These neurons had different patterns of activation, which were dependent on the type of spontaneous macrovibrissae movement. In particular, their spiking activity tonically incre ...
found that in flight, 3D hippocampal place cells had nearly spherical
... flight maneuvers resulted in dense and rather uniform coverage of the environment's 3D volume (figs. S5 and S6). Single-unit activity was recorded from freely flying bats, using a tetrode-based microdrive and a custom lightweight four-channel neural telemetry system designed for flying bats (Fig. 1, ...
... flight maneuvers resulted in dense and rather uniform coverage of the environment's 3D volume (figs. S5 and S6). Single-unit activity was recorded from freely flying bats, using a tetrode-based microdrive and a custom lightweight four-channel neural telemetry system designed for flying bats (Fig. 1, ...
B. Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
... Principally: *Guyton and Hall, Chapter 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle, pp. 72 – 83 Secondarily, for comparison with smooth and cardiac muscle, see: *Guyton and Hall, Chapter 8 Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle, pp. 92 – 99 *Guyton and Hall, Chapter 9 Contraction and Excitation of Smooth ...
... Principally: *Guyton and Hall, Chapter 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle, pp. 72 – 83 Secondarily, for comparison with smooth and cardiac muscle, see: *Guyton and Hall, Chapter 8 Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle, pp. 92 – 99 *Guyton and Hall, Chapter 9 Contraction and Excitation of Smooth ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.