Functional Properties of Neurons in Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... great majority of MT neurons (16, 6 1). Although this suggests that MT may somehow be involved in the analysis of motion, it does not resolve the nature of the processing actually occurring within MT nor does it identify which specific aspects of motion analysis might be served. Motion analysis is a ...
... great majority of MT neurons (16, 6 1). Although this suggests that MT may somehow be involved in the analysis of motion, it does not resolve the nature of the processing actually occurring within MT nor does it identify which specific aspects of motion analysis might be served. Motion analysis is a ...
Identification of Basolateral Amygdala Projection Cells and
... parvalbumin and accounting for roughly 50% of BLA interneurons (Mascagni and McDonald 2003), have a comparatively more depolarized membrane potential, are often spontaneously active at rest, and generate trains of short-duration spikes that generally display little or no spike frequency adaptation. ...
... parvalbumin and accounting for roughly 50% of BLA interneurons (Mascagni and McDonald 2003), have a comparatively more depolarized membrane potential, are often spontaneously active at rest, and generate trains of short-duration spikes that generally display little or no spike frequency adaptation. ...
unexpected - Revista Pesquisa Fapesp
... inflammatory responses in laboratory rats to assess the power of corticoids to modulate biochemical reactions caused by brain inflammations, such as those that occur in the case of tumors or strokes. It is known that the body’s natural response to inflammation is the secretion of corticoids – and th ...
... inflammatory responses in laboratory rats to assess the power of corticoids to modulate biochemical reactions caused by brain inflammations, such as those that occur in the case of tumors or strokes. It is known that the body’s natural response to inflammation is the secretion of corticoids – and th ...
Why Are Olfactory Systems of Different Animals So Similar?
... The olfactory systems of vertebrates, molluscs, arthropods, and nematodes share many features that are intriguingly similar, and markedly different from the features of other sensory systems. In general, olfactory receptor cells are bipolar neurons with a dendrite that protrudes into a fluid medium. ...
... The olfactory systems of vertebrates, molluscs, arthropods, and nematodes share many features that are intriguingly similar, and markedly different from the features of other sensory systems. In general, olfactory receptor cells are bipolar neurons with a dendrite that protrudes into a fluid medium. ...
Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence
... attention are initiated by a transient control signal that ‘nudges’ the visual system from one coherent state to another. Conscious visual experience starts with the image thrown by the scene upon the retina, where local computations immediately begin to transform the representation of stimuli accor ...
... attention are initiated by a transient control signal that ‘nudges’ the visual system from one coherent state to another. Conscious visual experience starts with the image thrown by the scene upon the retina, where local computations immediately begin to transform the representation of stimuli accor ...
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials
... anatomy and physiology is important. The auditory pathway starts in the cochlea. Vibrations from sound waves cause hydrostatic pressure changes that are sensed by hair cells in the organ of Corti. Hair cells communicate with bipolar neurons that have cell bodies in the cochlea. These neurons project ...
... anatomy and physiology is important. The auditory pathway starts in the cochlea. Vibrations from sound waves cause hydrostatic pressure changes that are sensed by hair cells in the organ of Corti. Hair cells communicate with bipolar neurons that have cell bodies in the cochlea. These neurons project ...
The peripheral nervous system-
... (David and Aguayo, 1981). However, on re-entering the CNS the regenerating axons are able to form anatomical synapses, albeit at a short distance from the point of entry (Vidal-Sanz et al. 1987). Peripheral nerve grafting experiments have produced a substantial body of evidence to show that, when pr ...
... (David and Aguayo, 1981). However, on re-entering the CNS the regenerating axons are able to form anatomical synapses, albeit at a short distance from the point of entry (Vidal-Sanz et al. 1987). Peripheral nerve grafting experiments have produced a substantial body of evidence to show that, when pr ...
DISSOCIATION OF TARGET SELECTION AND SACCADE
... • The properties of neurons do not reveal function • Formal (computational) theories of performance explain function • But distinct models cannot be distinguished from behavior testing, e.g., diffusion or race • Properties of neurons might provide constraints to distinguish between models … • … if a ...
... • The properties of neurons do not reveal function • Formal (computational) theories of performance explain function • But distinct models cannot be distinguished from behavior testing, e.g., diffusion or race • Properties of neurons might provide constraints to distinguish between models … • … if a ...
DOPAMINE
... low cardiac output, associated with compromised renal function as with cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock. ...
... low cardiac output, associated with compromised renal function as with cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock. ...
File
... low cardiac output, associated with compromised renal function as with cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock. ...
... low cardiac output, associated with compromised renal function as with cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock. ...
Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
BIO 218 F 2012 Ch 15 Martini Lecture Outline
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... sections for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) activity, which preferentially labels axonal projections in the Boc heterozygous mutant mice (Friedel et al., 2005; Leighton et al., 2001; Okada et al., 2006). We found that there was an absence of PLAP labeled descending axonal projections in the i ...
... sections for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) activity, which preferentially labels axonal projections in the Boc heterozygous mutant mice (Friedel et al., 2005; Leighton et al., 2001; Okada et al., 2006). We found that there was an absence of PLAP labeled descending axonal projections in the i ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... • Depolarization of amygdala neurons by an aversive UCS is thought to serve as the teaching signal that strengthens conditioned stimulus inputs onto amygdala neurons during fear learning •UCS-evoked responses of neurons in both LAn and PAG are inhibited by expectation of the UCS during fear conditio ...
... • Depolarization of amygdala neurons by an aversive UCS is thought to serve as the teaching signal that strengthens conditioned stimulus inputs onto amygdala neurons during fear learning •UCS-evoked responses of neurons in both LAn and PAG are inhibited by expectation of the UCS during fear conditio ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... experiments by Schultz et al.. In these experiments, an initial visual stimulus indicates one of three possible trials (Fig. 1A): (i) rewarded movement stimulus (Srm), whereby reward is given if the monkey presses a key; (ii) rewarded non-movement stimulus (Srnm), whereby reward is given if the monk ...
... experiments by Schultz et al.. In these experiments, an initial visual stimulus indicates one of three possible trials (Fig. 1A): (i) rewarded movement stimulus (Srm), whereby reward is given if the monkey presses a key; (ii) rewarded non-movement stimulus (Srnm), whereby reward is given if the monk ...
Kandel chs. 17, 18 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... cord, motor information from the cerebral cortex, and input about balance from the vestibular organs of the inner ear. It is important for maintaining posture and for coordinating head and eye movements and is also involved in fine tuning the movements of muscle and in learning motor skills. In the ...
... cord, motor information from the cerebral cortex, and input about balance from the vestibular organs of the inner ear. It is important for maintaining posture and for coordinating head and eye movements and is also involved in fine tuning the movements of muscle and in learning motor skills. In the ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... the thalamocortical pathway in the thinner slices, extracellular deposits of biocytin were made at points between the MG and auditory cortex and the resulting trajectories of projections mapped (Fig. 1C). Biocytin (5% in ACSF) was delivered iontophoretically (100- to 200-nA, 750-ms positive pulse ev ...
... the thalamocortical pathway in the thinner slices, extracellular deposits of biocytin were made at points between the MG and auditory cortex and the resulting trajectories of projections mapped (Fig. 1C). Biocytin (5% in ACSF) was delivered iontophoretically (100- to 200-nA, 750-ms positive pulse ev ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... The two primary types of visceral receptors, mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors, are distributed throughout the body. Mechanoreceptors sense pressure, stretch, or tension. Slow-adapting mechanoreceptors sense fullness in the bowel, bladder, and stomach. Fast-adapting mechanoreceptors sense the move ...
... The two primary types of visceral receptors, mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors, are distributed throughout the body. Mechanoreceptors sense pressure, stretch, or tension. Slow-adapting mechanoreceptors sense fullness in the bowel, bladder, and stomach. Fast-adapting mechanoreceptors sense the move ...
Associative memory properties of multiple cortical modules
... order multi-modal processing cortical areas) in such a way that the sight of the mouth moving can influence which phoneme is actually heard (McGurk and MacDonald 1976). This effect will be studied in detail in section 5. Consistent with the ideas presented here, activation of auditory cortical areas ...
... order multi-modal processing cortical areas) in such a way that the sight of the mouth moving can influence which phoneme is actually heard (McGurk and MacDonald 1976). This effect will be studied in detail in section 5. Consistent with the ideas presented here, activation of auditory cortical areas ...
Topography of Modular Subunits in the Mushroom Bodies of the
... The mushroom body (MB), a conspicuous neuropil structure in the insect brain, is implicated in associative memory and in some aspects of motor control. Intrinsic neurons of the MB (Kenyon cells) extend dendrites into the calyx, and their axons run through the pedunculus and then bifurcate to form th ...
... The mushroom body (MB), a conspicuous neuropil structure in the insect brain, is implicated in associative memory and in some aspects of motor control. Intrinsic neurons of the MB (Kenyon cells) extend dendrites into the calyx, and their axons run through the pedunculus and then bifurcate to form th ...
dynamics of pathomorphological changes in rat ischemic spinal cord
... The damaging effect of ischemia results in irreversible neuronal changes – the formation of focal necrosis and infarct core (1). For several hours the area of the central “punctate” infarction is surrounded by ischemic, but viable tissue – the so-called ischemic penumbra (2). In the area of the penu ...
... The damaging effect of ischemia results in irreversible neuronal changes – the formation of focal necrosis and infarct core (1). For several hours the area of the central “punctate” infarction is surrounded by ischemic, but viable tissue – the so-called ischemic penumbra (2). In the area of the penu ...
Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing
... V2 exchange information directly [3,19]. In the rat, it has even been shown that feedback from LM (the V2 ‘homologue’) projects directly onto the excitatory network of V1 neurons that provides the feedforward input to LM [20••]. In addition, V3 and MT exchange information with V1 almost directly, wi ...
... V2 exchange information directly [3,19]. In the rat, it has even been shown that feedback from LM (the V2 ‘homologue’) projects directly onto the excitatory network of V1 neurons that provides the feedforward input to LM [20••]. In addition, V3 and MT exchange information with V1 almost directly, wi ...
Cell Surface Molecules Containing IV
... overnight in 10 &ml VVA-Texas red (E. Y. Labs) in 0.1 M Tris-Cl at 4°C with agitation. Sections were rinsed in three 20 min washes in TrisCl, mounted onto gelatin-coated slides, air-dried, dipped in xylene for 1 min, and coverslipped in Krystalon. Fluorescent sections were stored at -20°C in the dar ...
... overnight in 10 &ml VVA-Texas red (E. Y. Labs) in 0.1 M Tris-Cl at 4°C with agitation. Sections were rinsed in three 20 min washes in TrisCl, mounted onto gelatin-coated slides, air-dried, dipped in xylene for 1 min, and coverslipped in Krystalon. Fluorescent sections were stored at -20°C in the dar ...
Building Blocks File
... • You will need to understand these processes as they are central to the function of nerve cells, the transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse, the functioning of muscle cells etc. • Pathological processes at this level lie at the root of MND, MS, myasthenia gravis and many other condit ...
... • You will need to understand these processes as they are central to the function of nerve cells, the transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse, the functioning of muscle cells etc. • Pathological processes at this level lie at the root of MND, MS, myasthenia gravis and many other condit ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.