Physiology MCQs
... 18 In the visual pathway: a) axons of the ganglion cells pass in the optic nerve and optic tract and end in the medial geniculate body of the thalamus b) fibres of each temporal hemiretina decussate in the optic chiasm c) the primary visual receiving area is Brodmann’s area 17 d) the fovea contains ...
... 18 In the visual pathway: a) axons of the ganglion cells pass in the optic nerve and optic tract and end in the medial geniculate body of the thalamus b) fibres of each temporal hemiretina decussate in the optic chiasm c) the primary visual receiving area is Brodmann’s area 17 d) the fovea contains ...
Sequential Development of Electrical and Chemical Synaptic
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
Post Embryonic Development of the Central Nervous System of the
... aurantia Lucas (family: Araneidae, Levi, tained by correcting for the magnification ’68) were collected at Raleigh, North Car of these outlines and for the thickness of olina in the field in the months of December the sections. These operations gave the vol and January. In February and March the u ...
... aurantia Lucas (family: Araneidae, Levi, tained by correcting for the magnification ’68) were collected at Raleigh, North Car of these outlines and for the thickness of olina in the field in the months of December the sections. These operations gave the vol and January. In February and March the u ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
SCandSN 08
... Spinal cord and spinal nerves • spinal cord anatomy • spinal meninges • where to put that needle • spinal cord terminology • spinal nerves • ascending and descending tracts • where do spinal nerves go? • dermatomes • nerves plexuses • cervical plexus ...
... Spinal cord and spinal nerves • spinal cord anatomy • spinal meninges • where to put that needle • spinal cord terminology • spinal nerves • ascending and descending tracts • where do spinal nerves go? • dermatomes • nerves plexuses • cervical plexus ...
Neurons in the mouse deep superior colliculus encode
... novel property; they are suppressed by the orientation or direction of specific stimuli. We also show that dSC cells have properties similar to cortical “complex” cells. Conversely, cells with Y-like nonlinear spatial summation properties are located only in the sSC. These findings contribute to our ...
... novel property; they are suppressed by the orientation or direction of specific stimuli. We also show that dSC cells have properties similar to cortical “complex” cells. Conversely, cells with Y-like nonlinear spatial summation properties are located only in the sSC. These findings contribute to our ...
Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling
... would be rapid and straightforward in its application, could be delivered in vivo to most or all locations, and could be used ex vivo in slice or explant cultures. It would also show synaptic specificity but not be diluted as it moved across synapses. Finally, it would be most useful if it not only e ...
... would be rapid and straightforward in its application, could be delivered in vivo to most or all locations, and could be used ex vivo in slice or explant cultures. It would also show synaptic specificity but not be diluted as it moved across synapses. Finally, it would be most useful if it not only e ...
Extended PDF
... divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor pool. During the neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymmetrically to produce neurons either directly or indirectly through transient amplifying progenitors, such as intermediate progenitors (IPs) (Florio and Huttner, 2014). Consecutive waves ...
... divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor pool. During the neurogenic phase, RGPs are believed to divide asymmetrically to produce neurons either directly or indirectly through transient amplifying progenitors, such as intermediate progenitors (IPs) (Florio and Huttner, 2014). Consecutive waves ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... links. Primary cilia are also located on many nondividing cells, and very recently have been shown to have important roles in physiology and development (;, 10). The wide range of primary cilia function is reflected by diversity in morphology and molecular components of each cilium type. Yhile the s ...
... links. Primary cilia are also located on many nondividing cells, and very recently have been shown to have important roles in physiology and development (;, 10). The wide range of primary cilia function is reflected by diversity in morphology and molecular components of each cilium type. Yhile the s ...
Spike-Timing-Dependent Hebbian Plasticity as
... training set of inputs. In the case of the conventional Hebbian learning rule, which only prescribes increases in synaptic weights based on pre- and postsynaptic correlations, numerous methods have been suggested to ensure stability, such as weight normalization and weight decay (see Sejnowski, 1977 ...
... training set of inputs. In the case of the conventional Hebbian learning rule, which only prescribes increases in synaptic weights based on pre- and postsynaptic correlations, numerous methods have been suggested to ensure stability, such as weight normalization and weight decay (see Sejnowski, 1977 ...
Histology of Normal Tissues - SM Group| Open Access eBooks
... The simple branched acinar gland consists of a single excretory duct and several secretory acini. The cells of secretory acini contain a central nucleus and vacuolar cytoplasm. As the secretion product builds up, the nucleus becomes pyknotic and the cytoplasm more vacuolar. The secretory product con ...
... The simple branched acinar gland consists of a single excretory duct and several secretory acini. The cells of secretory acini contain a central nucleus and vacuolar cytoplasm. As the secretion product builds up, the nucleus becomes pyknotic and the cytoplasm more vacuolar. The secretory product con ...
Animal Nutrition
... – hindgut (large intestine) • reabsorption of water & ions • storage of undigested materials – rectum • expulsion of feces from anus ...
... – hindgut (large intestine) • reabsorption of water & ions • storage of undigested materials – rectum • expulsion of feces from anus ...
The Molecular and Neuroanatomical Basis for Estrogen Effects in
... can form heterodimers when expressed in the same cells, thus giving rise to additional possible variants as far as gene regulation (6). To date, colocalization of ERa with ERb has been demonstrated in the hypothalamic preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial amygdaloid nucleus ...
... can form heterodimers when expressed in the same cells, thus giving rise to additional possible variants as far as gene regulation (6). To date, colocalization of ERa with ERb has been demonstrated in the hypothalamic preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial amygdaloid nucleus ...
Visual circuits in flies: beginning to see the whole picture
... Visual circuits in flies: beginning to see the whole picture Rudy Behnia and Claude Desplan Sensory signals are processed in the brain by dedicated neuronal circuits to form perceptions used to guide behavior. Drosophila, with its compact brain, amenability to genetic manipulations and sophisticated ...
... Visual circuits in flies: beginning to see the whole picture Rudy Behnia and Claude Desplan Sensory signals are processed in the brain by dedicated neuronal circuits to form perceptions used to guide behavior. Drosophila, with its compact brain, amenability to genetic manipulations and sophisticated ...
Care and Problems of the Skeletal System
... Americans and has no warning signs in its early stages. Bones are weakened and become brittle, causing them to break easily. Adequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus help bones remain strong and healthy. Regular weight-bearing physical activities, such as walking and weight training, s ...
... Americans and has no warning signs in its early stages. Bones are weakened and become brittle, causing them to break easily. Adequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus help bones remain strong and healthy. Regular weight-bearing physical activities, such as walking and weight training, s ...
Seeing Early Signs of Alzheimer`s Disease Through the Lens of the
... In this review, we will discuss the evidence pointing to the retina as a potential source of the earliest diagnostic tissue for AD. This discussion is preceded by a short presentation of the physiological function of the retina and of the current methods that can be used for non-invasive retinal exp ...
... In this review, we will discuss the evidence pointing to the retina as a potential source of the earliest diagnostic tissue for AD. This discussion is preceded by a short presentation of the physiological function of the retina and of the current methods that can be used for non-invasive retinal exp ...
Optical Control of Muscle Function by Transplantation of Stem Cell
... the peripheral nerve environment (Fig. 2A), but also mature morphologically to resemble adult spinal motor neurons and express the mature motor neuron marker choline acetyltransferase (Fig. 2B). Immunodetection of ChR2-YFP, using an antibody to GFP, demonstrates that ChR2 is localized to the membran ...
... the peripheral nerve environment (Fig. 2A), but also mature morphologically to resemble adult spinal motor neurons and express the mature motor neuron marker choline acetyltransferase (Fig. 2B). Immunodetection of ChR2-YFP, using an antibody to GFP, demonstrates that ChR2 is localized to the membran ...
Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates
... (starfishes, brittle stars, etc.), hemichordates (acorn worms), and chordates. The direction toward or pertaining to the back surface of an animal. A particular level of development or organization shared by a set of species that may or may not be within a single phylogenetic lineage. Type of neuron ...
... (starfishes, brittle stars, etc.), hemichordates (acorn worms), and chordates. The direction toward or pertaining to the back surface of an animal. A particular level of development or organization shared by a set of species that may or may not be within a single phylogenetic lineage. Type of neuron ...
Efficient generation of hPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic
... cell fate, as 2D soft materials substantially promoted both hPSC differentiation into neuroectodermal lineages and adult neural stem cell differentiation into neurons21,22. Rheological measurements indicated that 10 wt% PNIPAAm-PEG hydrogels had a stiffness of ~1 kPa at 37 °C, a promising range for ...
... cell fate, as 2D soft materials substantially promoted both hPSC differentiation into neuroectodermal lineages and adult neural stem cell differentiation into neurons21,22. Rheological measurements indicated that 10 wt% PNIPAAm-PEG hydrogels had a stiffness of ~1 kPa at 37 °C, a promising range for ...
Lema and Nevitt, 2004a
... Spring—a comparatively stable springhead and outflow inhabited by Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes. These particular populations have been isolated from each other for only 400–4000 years. In both populations AVT-immunoreactive somata localized to parvocellular and magnocellular neurons in the preopti ...
... Spring—a comparatively stable springhead and outflow inhabited by Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes. These particular populations have been isolated from each other for only 400–4000 years. In both populations AVT-immunoreactive somata localized to parvocellular and magnocellular neurons in the preopti ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... of several retinal neuron subtypes. Many of these cells, such as RGCs and amacrine cells, demonstrate a tiled arrangement across the retina. Olfactory projection neuron (PN) Second-order neuron of the insect olfactory system that sends dendrites to discrete glomeruli where they receive inputs from o ...
... of several retinal neuron subtypes. Many of these cells, such as RGCs and amacrine cells, demonstrate a tiled arrangement across the retina. Olfactory projection neuron (PN) Second-order neuron of the insect olfactory system that sends dendrites to discrete glomeruli where they receive inputs from o ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... many striatal neurons encode the derived trial-bytrial action values.18,19 In these saccade-related brain areas, neurons retain their spatial selectivity, and the influence of value acts primarily like a modulation of gain. Although most of the accumulated evidence pertains to the oculomotor system, ...
... many striatal neurons encode the derived trial-bytrial action values.18,19 In these saccade-related brain areas, neurons retain their spatial selectivity, and the influence of value acts primarily like a modulation of gain. Although most of the accumulated evidence pertains to the oculomotor system, ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... extreme integration of individual neurons into the collective cortical circuit promotes the hypothesis that cellular individuality represents a smaller computational role within the context of the larger network. These competing hypotheses raise the important question to what extent the computationa ...
... extreme integration of individual neurons into the collective cortical circuit promotes the hypothesis that cellular individuality represents a smaller computational role within the context of the larger network. These competing hypotheses raise the important question to what extent the computationa ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.