The Fraction of Cortical GABAergic Neurons Is Constant from Near
... neurons generated in the ganglionic eminences by counting on sections the fraction of all GAD67 ⫹ cells that are present in each of three zones: (1) the cortical plate (including cells in the upper intermediate zone) where nearly all GABAergic neurons ultimately reside, (2) the superficial migratory ...
... neurons generated in the ganglionic eminences by counting on sections the fraction of all GAD67 ⫹ cells that are present in each of three zones: (1) the cortical plate (including cells in the upper intermediate zone) where nearly all GABAergic neurons ultimately reside, (2) the superficial migratory ...
Residual eye-movements in macaque and their effects on visual
... behavior expected from a random walk. The distances moved by some eyes (e.g. the one that moved most, shown in the uppermost trace) are very well characterized by this rule. Among eyes that moved less, the departures from the square-root relationship are principally at short sample durations, during ...
... behavior expected from a random walk. The distances moved by some eyes (e.g. the one that moved most, shown in the uppermost trace) are very well characterized by this rule. Among eyes that moved less, the departures from the square-root relationship are principally at short sample durations, during ...
Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and
... regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years). Moreover, there was a very high absolute prevalence of mtDNA deletions in neurons from aged substantia nigra (Fig. 1). In addition, in many neurons, the fraction of deletions exceeded 60%, which is believed to be the phenotypic threshold (the fraction above ...
... regardless of cutoff age, 40 to 69 years). Moreover, there was a very high absolute prevalence of mtDNA deletions in neurons from aged substantia nigra (Fig. 1). In addition, in many neurons, the fraction of deletions exceeded 60%, which is believed to be the phenotypic threshold (the fraction above ...
Investigation of the central regulation of taste perception and
... neurons in the LHA - provokes rapid increase in appetite and an increment in body weight which leads to obesity.1-3 During the last decades, several extrahypothalamic brain regions were found whose lesion causes similar symptoms to what was shown in the LHA or VMH syndrome. The amygdala4 and the glo ...
... neurons in the LHA - provokes rapid increase in appetite and an increment in body weight which leads to obesity.1-3 During the last decades, several extrahypothalamic brain regions were found whose lesion causes similar symptoms to what was shown in the LHA or VMH syndrome. The amygdala4 and the glo ...
The avian `prefrontal cortex` and cognition - Ruhr-Universität
... projects first to an adjacent area, which then projects not only to the next modality-specific association area in line but also to a discrete area of the frontal cortex, which in turn reciprocates by sending fibers back to the projecting area [17]. This is identical for the NCL, which receives affe ...
... projects first to an adjacent area, which then projects not only to the next modality-specific association area in line but also to a discrete area of the frontal cortex, which in turn reciprocates by sending fibers back to the projecting area [17]. This is identical for the NCL, which receives affe ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
Peripheric nervous system. Vegetative nervous system
... Silver impregnation. The specimen demonstrates nerve ganglia connected with each other by nerve fibres. The ganglia contains stellate neurous of dark-brown or black color surrounded by small glial cells and nerve fibres. Light areas seen among the ganglia represent loose connective tissue where this ...
... Silver impregnation. The specimen demonstrates nerve ganglia connected with each other by nerve fibres. The ganglia contains stellate neurous of dark-brown or black color surrounded by small glial cells and nerve fibres. Light areas seen among the ganglia represent loose connective tissue where this ...
View/Open
... Note in the figure the large area that represents the macula. It is to this region that the retinal fovea transmits its signals. The fovea is responsible for the highest degree of visual acuity. Based on retinal area, the fovea has several hundred times as much representation in the primary visual c ...
... Note in the figure the large area that represents the macula. It is to this region that the retinal fovea transmits its signals. The fovea is responsible for the highest degree of visual acuity. Based on retinal area, the fovea has several hundred times as much representation in the primary visual c ...
BNG/Briefing 18 - British Society for Neuroendocrinology
... from lean skeletal growth to fat deposition that occurs earlier in girls than boys. Most information about the timing of puberty in the population at large is for girls, as breast development and onset of menstruation (periods) are more overt and recordable than changes in penis and testicle size in ...
... from lean skeletal growth to fat deposition that occurs earlier in girls than boys. Most information about the timing of puberty in the population at large is for girls, as breast development and onset of menstruation (periods) are more overt and recordable than changes in penis and testicle size in ...
Neural Control of Interappendage Phase During Locomotion
... part of the input to another control center. Alternately, it might involve a common phasic input to each of the control centers. "Sensory" mechanisms can couple the discharge of different control centers in several ways. Firstly, the central axons of sensory neurons from one limb may project to the ...
... part of the input to another control center. Alternately, it might involve a common phasic input to each of the control centers. "Sensory" mechanisms can couple the discharge of different control centers in several ways. Firstly, the central axons of sensory neurons from one limb may project to the ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
... Background. Neuropathic and inflammatory pain conditions are major medical needs worldwide with only partial or low efficacy treatment options currently available. An important role of voltage-gated sodium channels in many different pain states has been established in animal models and, empirically, i ...
... Background. Neuropathic and inflammatory pain conditions are major medical needs worldwide with only partial or low efficacy treatment options currently available. An important role of voltage-gated sodium channels in many different pain states has been established in animal models and, empirically, i ...
- Wiley Online Library
... 2005) and axonal development (Mizui et al. 2009). Furthermore, Drebrin was reported to inhibit the bundling activity of Fascin. Exploring how these F-actin-binding proteins participate in axon growth and identifying new actin-associated factors are important for our understanding of the molecular me ...
... 2005) and axonal development (Mizui et al. 2009). Furthermore, Drebrin was reported to inhibit the bundling activity of Fascin. Exploring how these F-actin-binding proteins participate in axon growth and identifying new actin-associated factors are important for our understanding of the molecular me ...
Az alvás és ébrenlét, gondolkodás, morális és emocionális
... Lesions of the posterior hypothalamic area may cause hypersomnolence or even coma. This area contains the tuberomammillary nucleus, housing hundreds of histaminergic neurons, which project widely to the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Histaminergic fibers destined for the cerebral cortex. ...
... Lesions of the posterior hypothalamic area may cause hypersomnolence or even coma. This area contains the tuberomammillary nucleus, housing hundreds of histaminergic neurons, which project widely to the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. Histaminergic fibers destined for the cerebral cortex. ...
SEGMENTATION OF NEURONS BASED ON ONE
... Then, a discriminant function is learned from the training set that allows determining how similar an unlabeled voxel is to the voxels in the background class. Finally, foreground voxels are assigned as those unlabeled voxels that are not classified as background. Our method was qualitatively and qu ...
... Then, a discriminant function is learned from the training set that allows determining how similar an unlabeled voxel is to the voxels in the background class. Finally, foreground voxels are assigned as those unlabeled voxels that are not classified as background. Our method was qualitatively and qu ...
12-13 LIFE SCI E10 11
... neuron recognizing that the electrical signal of the nerve impulse is changed to a chemical impulse at the synapse and back to electrical in the neuron. Student can also label parts of the neuron. Student can name and state the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the roles of the ...
... neuron recognizing that the electrical signal of the nerve impulse is changed to a chemical impulse at the synapse and back to electrical in the neuron. Student can also label parts of the neuron. Student can name and state the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the roles of the ...
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... input-specific alterations in receptive-field size likely involve changes in network connectivity, but changes in cellular excitability or synaptic dynamics may also be important. Collectively, these results confirm the hypothesis that receptive-field size is systematically related to temporal and spect ...
... input-specific alterations in receptive-field size likely involve changes in network connectivity, but changes in cellular excitability or synaptic dynamics may also be important. Collectively, these results confirm the hypothesis that receptive-field size is systematically related to temporal and spect ...
Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying
... Declarative knowledge and experiences are represented in the association cortex and are recalled by reactivation of the neural representation. Electrophysiological experiments have revealed that associations between semantically linked visual objects are formed in neural representations in the tempo ...
... Declarative knowledge and experiences are represented in the association cortex and are recalled by reactivation of the neural representation. Electrophysiological experiments have revealed that associations between semantically linked visual objects are formed in neural representations in the tempo ...
A Comparison of Spiking Statistics in Motion Sensing Neurones of
... Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA ...
... Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA ...
the neuron types of the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb
... (external and middle) appear similar to the mitral and internal tufted cells showing marked Nissl substance, which is particularly noticeable in the apices of these cells, although the amount varies according to size. Their nuclei are generally pale and ...
... (external and middle) appear similar to the mitral and internal tufted cells showing marked Nissl substance, which is particularly noticeable in the apices of these cells, although the amount varies according to size. Their nuclei are generally pale and ...
Hearing Physiology - Virtual Learning Environment
... causes a mechanical transduction that opens 200-300 cation-conducting channels, allowing rapid movement of cation, mainly positively charged potassium ions from the surrounding endolymph in scala media into the stereocilia, that leads depolarization of the hair cell membrane. Depolarization rapidly ...
... causes a mechanical transduction that opens 200-300 cation-conducting channels, allowing rapid movement of cation, mainly positively charged potassium ions from the surrounding endolymph in scala media into the stereocilia, that leads depolarization of the hair cell membrane. Depolarization rapidly ...
Cholinergic Cell Loss and Hypertrophy in the Medial Septal Nucleus
... correct across all delays. Aged monkeys with performance scores below the range of the young group were operationally defined as impaired, and the remaining aged monkeys were defined as unimpaired. The impaired subgroup displayed the same delay-dependent pattern of DNMS impairment that characterizes ...
... correct across all delays. Aged monkeys with performance scores below the range of the young group were operationally defined as impaired, and the remaining aged monkeys were defined as unimpaired. The impaired subgroup displayed the same delay-dependent pattern of DNMS impairment that characterizes ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by α motor neurons Slide 13. There are two types of muscle fibers: extrafusal fibers, which attach to tendons, which in turn attach to the skeleton, and intrafusal fibers, which attach to the extrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers produce the force that acts on ...
... Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by α motor neurons Slide 13. There are two types of muscle fibers: extrafusal fibers, which attach to tendons, which in turn attach to the skeleton, and intrafusal fibers, which attach to the extrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers produce the force that acts on ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.