Text - ETH E
... hypothetical temporal stimulus representations have also been referred to as ‘complete serial compound stimulus’ (Sutton & Barto, 1990) or ‘spectral timing mechanism’ (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 1999). A temporal stimulus representation is necessary to reproduce the depression of dopamine activity ...
... hypothetical temporal stimulus representations have also been referred to as ‘complete serial compound stimulus’ (Sutton & Barto, 1990) or ‘spectral timing mechanism’ (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 1999). A temporal stimulus representation is necessary to reproduce the depression of dopamine activity ...
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial
... software program automatically and randomly moves a counting frame containing appropriate ‘acceptance’ and ‘forbidden’ lines (area or Aframe of 45⫻45 m and height (h) of the section thickness excluding the 3 m thick guard zones) within each region of interest in order to obtain correct stereologic ...
... software program automatically and randomly moves a counting frame containing appropriate ‘acceptance’ and ‘forbidden’ lines (area or Aframe of 45⫻45 m and height (h) of the section thickness excluding the 3 m thick guard zones) within each region of interest in order to obtain correct stereologic ...
5 Neurochemistry of the Gustatory System
... within the epithelium of the soft palate, the nasopharynx, the larynx, and the upper reaches of the esophagus. Counts of taste buds in rodents show that about 25% of the taste buds are located on the anterior portion of the tongue, about 50% on the posterior part of the tongue, and about 12% on the ...
... within the epithelium of the soft palate, the nasopharynx, the larynx, and the upper reaches of the esophagus. Counts of taste buds in rodents show that about 25% of the taste buds are located on the anterior portion of the tongue, about 50% on the posterior part of the tongue, and about 12% on the ...
The spinal trigeminal nucleus — considerations on the
... The caudal part (nucleus caudalis) of the spinal trigeminal nucleus is considered to be the site of the second order neurons of the nociceptive pathways of the face. Recent studies have supported the co-participation in these circuits of the oral part of the same nucleus (nucleus oralis). The aims o ...
... The caudal part (nucleus caudalis) of the spinal trigeminal nucleus is considered to be the site of the second order neurons of the nociceptive pathways of the face. Recent studies have supported the co-participation in these circuits of the oral part of the same nucleus (nucleus oralis). The aims o ...
The Neck bone is connected to the Shoulder bone…
... how the neck and shoulder are related. Many muscles attach from the shoulder blade to the cervical vertebrae. As we move our neck in various positions we rely on the shoulder blade, collarbone and upper rib muscle attachments to help stabilize, so our neck has a solid base to move upon. Nerves from ...
... how the neck and shoulder are related. Many muscles attach from the shoulder blade to the cervical vertebrae. As we move our neck in various positions we rely on the shoulder blade, collarbone and upper rib muscle attachments to help stabilize, so our neck has a solid base to move upon. Nerves from ...
2 m – 21. I, II, III, IV, VI, VIII pairs of cranial nerves
... the petrous temporal bone, before entering the orbit of the eye through the superior orbital fissure. Within the bony orbit, the abducens nerve terminates by innervating the lateral rectus muscle. The abducens nerve innervates a single muscle – the lateral rectus, one of the muscles of oculomotion. ...
... the petrous temporal bone, before entering the orbit of the eye through the superior orbital fissure. Within the bony orbit, the abducens nerve terminates by innervating the lateral rectus muscle. The abducens nerve innervates a single muscle – the lateral rectus, one of the muscles of oculomotion. ...
The role of spiking nonlinearity in contrast gain control
... The obtained ropt increases with saturation g (see Fig. 2e). It also increases slightly with an increase in threshold h (Fig. 2f). This might provide a mechanism and rules for a neuron to adjust its transfer function and gain tuning curve according to the statistical context of the input signals. Ho ...
... The obtained ropt increases with saturation g (see Fig. 2e). It also increases slightly with an increase in threshold h (Fig. 2f). This might provide a mechanism and rules for a neuron to adjust its transfer function and gain tuning curve according to the statistical context of the input signals. Ho ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... To investigate whether or not Hebbian learning is sufficient to lead to the emergence of mirror neurons, we present a computational approach that implements the mechanics described by Keysers and Gazzola (2014). This involves the usage of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in t ...
... To investigate whether or not Hebbian learning is sufficient to lead to the emergence of mirror neurons, we present a computational approach that implements the mechanics described by Keysers and Gazzola (2014). This involves the usage of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in t ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms, and milk6) and IMP (which is present in meat and some fish such as tuna7). This evidence, together with the identification of a glutamate taste receptor,8 leads to the view that there are five prototypical t ...
... tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoes, mushrooms, and milk6) and IMP (which is present in meat and some fish such as tuna7). This evidence, together with the identification of a glutamate taste receptor,8 leads to the view that there are five prototypical t ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... activity in at least some higher parts of cortex should strongly correlate with the subjective, perceptual experience. We have taken a unique opportunity to record the firing responses of neurons in the human brain and the relation of those responses to perception. Subjects were patients with pharma ...
... activity in at least some higher parts of cortex should strongly correlate with the subjective, perceptual experience. We have taken a unique opportunity to record the firing responses of neurons in the human brain and the relation of those responses to perception. Subjects were patients with pharma ...
Proper migration and axon outgrowth of zebrafish
... branchiomotoneurons. (A,B) Comparison between MDGA2A RNA and protein distribution demonstrates that the MDGA2A antibody highlights identical structures as seen with MDGA2A riboprobes. Neurons and axons of the oculomotor (arrow), the trigeminal (V) and the facial (VII) nerve are clearly MDGA2A positi ...
... branchiomotoneurons. (A,B) Comparison between MDGA2A RNA and protein distribution demonstrates that the MDGA2A antibody highlights identical structures as seen with MDGA2A riboprobes. Neurons and axons of the oculomotor (arrow), the trigeminal (V) and the facial (VII) nerve are clearly MDGA2A positi ...
BCM Theory
... Figure S2A. The signal triggers spikes in some IO cells that are in an upswing phase of their potential. An example of this upswing is shown in Figure S2B, where an external input (arrow in the figure) triggers a spike. Typically, when an IO neuron is in a downswing phase of its potential, the exter ...
... Figure S2A. The signal triggers spikes in some IO cells that are in an upswing phase of their potential. An example of this upswing is shown in Figure S2B, where an external input (arrow in the figure) triggers a spike. Typically, when an IO neuron is in a downswing phase of its potential, the exter ...
Maruska & Tricas 2009b
... (80–800 Hz). These data were used to construct the isointensity response curves. Stimuli consisted of 100 repetitions of 40 ms ramped tone bursts (10 ms rise and fall; 20 ms plateau; 8.3 Hz repetition rate) at frequencies of 80–800 Hz (80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 Hz). The frequency respons ...
... (80–800 Hz). These data were used to construct the isointensity response curves. Stimuli consisted of 100 repetitions of 40 ms ramped tone bursts (10 ms rise and fall; 20 ms plateau; 8.3 Hz repetition rate) at frequencies of 80–800 Hz (80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 Hz). The frequency respons ...
MUSHROOM BODY MEMOIR: FROM MAPS TO MODELS
... This might happen in the direct olfactory pathway to the lateral protocerebrum, which might provide a fast but coarse odour analysis relying on only a few POQs. If, however, the animal has to discriminate between complex odour mixtures that have many overlapping POQs, it might need to process the od ...
... This might happen in the direct olfactory pathway to the lateral protocerebrum, which might provide a fast but coarse odour analysis relying on only a few POQs. If, however, the animal has to discriminate between complex odour mixtures that have many overlapping POQs, it might need to process the od ...
Postnatal characterization of cells in the accessory olfactory bulb of
... Olfaction is the most relevant chemosensory sense of the rodents. General odors are primarily detected by the main olfactory system while most pheromonal signals are received by the accessory olfactory system. The first relay in the brain occurs in the olfactory bulb, which is subdivided in the main ...
... Olfaction is the most relevant chemosensory sense of the rodents. General odors are primarily detected by the main olfactory system while most pheromonal signals are received by the accessory olfactory system. The first relay in the brain occurs in the olfactory bulb, which is subdivided in the main ...
The psychophisiology of pain: a literature review - Reciis
... nociceptive impulses to structures of the brainstem and the midbrain, including thalamus, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, amygdaloid complex and hypothalamus among others (ALMEIDA et al., 2004). The transmission of nociceptive information to the higher centers occurs through the anterolate ...
... nociceptive impulses to structures of the brainstem and the midbrain, including thalamus, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, amygdaloid complex and hypothalamus among others (ALMEIDA et al., 2004). The transmission of nociceptive information to the higher centers occurs through the anterolate ...
synaptic connections of morphologically identified and
... the level where it made synaptic contact. As the plane of the section was coronal and not adjusted to the course of th e axon branches, and because all the boutons were recorded irrespective of their position on the aXOn or th e positi on o f ...
... the level where it made synaptic contact. As the plane of the section was coronal and not adjusted to the course of th e axon branches, and because all the boutons were recorded irrespective of their position on the aXOn or th e positi on o f ...
Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the
... account for the conditioning of fear behavior is therefore not known. In previous electrophysiological studies, the emphasis was on the recording of unit activity rather than on behavior7,9,11. This is partly because subjects exhibit behavioral fear reactions such as freezing after the first US pres ...
... account for the conditioning of fear behavior is therefore not known. In previous electrophysiological studies, the emphasis was on the recording of unit activity rather than on behavior7,9,11. This is partly because subjects exhibit behavioral fear reactions such as freezing after the first US pres ...
Neural correlates of odor learning in the honeybee antennal lobe
... other 82%, the signal-to-noise ratio was lower and spikes occurred with different amplitudes (Fig. 1c). In such cases it was not possible to separate spike forms unambiguously due to the noise of our recordings, and a threshold level was chosen that may have included the spikes of more than one form ...
... other 82%, the signal-to-noise ratio was lower and spikes occurred with different amplitudes (Fig. 1c). In such cases it was not possible to separate spike forms unambiguously due to the noise of our recordings, and a threshold level was chosen that may have included the spikes of more than one form ...
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington English Neurophysiologist 1857
... instrumental in researching the role and function of reflexes. If fact, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 for “discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.” Born in London in 1857, Sherrington’s academic training progressed from the Ipswich School to medicine at Lon ...
... instrumental in researching the role and function of reflexes. If fact, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 for “discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.” Born in London in 1857, Sherrington’s academic training progressed from the Ipswich School to medicine at Lon ...
Computing auditory perception - Machine Learning Group, TU Berlin
... a changing sound source. Abrupt changes indicate the appearance of a new source. In Bregman and Dannenbring (1973) (figure 1, B), high (H) and low (L) tones alternate. If the notes are connected by glissandi (figure 1, B1), both tones are grouped to a single stream. If high and low notes remain unconn ...
... a changing sound source. Abrupt changes indicate the appearance of a new source. In Bregman and Dannenbring (1973) (figure 1, B), high (H) and low (L) tones alternate. If the notes are connected by glissandi (figure 1, B1), both tones are grouped to a single stream. If high and low notes remain unconn ...
in cellular neuroscience
... complexity of the nervous elements and through their specialization into electrically excitable neurons connected through defined synaptic contacts and electrically non-excitable neuroglia forming networks through intercellular gap junctions. The intercellular chemical neurotransmission is, however, ...
... complexity of the nervous elements and through their specialization into electrically excitable neurons connected through defined synaptic contacts and electrically non-excitable neuroglia forming networks through intercellular gap junctions. The intercellular chemical neurotransmission is, however, ...
Temperature - Division Of Animal Sciences
... the controlled system. The actuating signal, S , contains the information concerning any departure of Vc from Vset/ ('.e. the error signal S] - $2) and is the information which the controlling elements, K], utilize in gen erating controller action, A^, to oppose the effects of the environmental dist ...
... the controlled system. The actuating signal, S , contains the information concerning any departure of Vc from Vset/ ('.e. the error signal S] - $2) and is the information which the controlling elements, K], utilize in gen erating controller action, A^, to oppose the effects of the environmental dist ...
neuron models and basic learning rules
... • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous function is often used as the activation function. This kind of neurons are called continuous neurons. • Typical functions used in an artificial neur ...
... • Because the activation function takes only two values, this model is called discrete neuron. • To make the neuron learnable, some kind of continuous function is often used as the activation function. This kind of neurons are called continuous neurons. • Typical functions used in an artificial neur ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.