Espasticidad,!!nuevos!conceptos!fisiológicos!y!patofisiológicos
... The)axons)of)the)corticospinal)tract)get)together,)forming) the) corona% radiata,) and) descending) through) the) posterior) limb) of) the) internal) capsule) into) the) middle) two0thirds) of) the) cere0 bral) peduncles) of) the) midbrain.) In) this) descent,) the) fibers) remain) somatotopically) ...
... The)axons)of)the)corticospinal)tract)get)together,)forming) the) corona% radiata,) and) descending) through) the) posterior) limb) of) the) internal) capsule) into) the) middle) two0thirds) of) the) cere0 bral) peduncles) of) the) midbrain.) In) this) descent,) the) fibers) remain) somatotopically) ...
Lineage origins of GABAergic versus glutamatergic neurons in the
... neurons, and also in a mosaic in the cortical VZ. Fezf2 is required for the specification of subcerebral projection neurons of layer V [38,39], while Tbr1, which is expressed in layer VI neurons is required to specify corticothalamic projection neurons [36,40,41]. In contrast, Satb2 is expressed in ...
... neurons, and also in a mosaic in the cortical VZ. Fezf2 is required for the specification of subcerebral projection neurons of layer V [38,39], while Tbr1, which is expressed in layer VI neurons is required to specify corticothalamic projection neurons [36,40,41]. In contrast, Satb2 is expressed in ...
Targeting of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Proteins and
... common feature of these proteins is that they are involved either in translocation of proteins across the ER membrane (Rapoport et al., 1996) or in their modification during translocation. Several studies have suggested that another membrane protein involved in the translocation process, the SRPrece ...
... common feature of these proteins is that they are involved either in translocation of proteins across the ER membrane (Rapoport et al., 1996) or in their modification during translocation. Several studies have suggested that another membrane protein involved in the translocation process, the SRPrece ...
Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Embryonic Development
... simultaneous establishments of the first lamina and subplate (SP) zone as the PCP is being formed, above and below it, respectively. The hippocampus (H) anlage, the early intrinsic microvascularization of the matrix, paraventricular region and striatum, and the early internal white matter are also r ...
... simultaneous establishments of the first lamina and subplate (SP) zone as the PCP is being formed, above and below it, respectively. The hippocampus (H) anlage, the early intrinsic microvascularization of the matrix, paraventricular region and striatum, and the early internal white matter are also r ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... Distribution of class A–E Ca 21 channels on the soma and dendrites of spinal motor neurons The antibodies used in these studies have been previously characterized with respect to specificity and immunoreactivity and shown to specifically label the class A–E a1 subunits (Westenbroek et al., 1990, 199 ...
... Distribution of class A–E Ca 21 channels on the soma and dendrites of spinal motor neurons The antibodies used in these studies have been previously characterized with respect to specificity and immunoreactivity and shown to specifically label the class A–E a1 subunits (Westenbroek et al., 1990, 199 ...
Morphology of HRP-Injected Spinocervical Tract Neurons: Effect of
... merged the cut ends of the dendrite in one section to their attachments in the next section, producing a three-dimensional mathematical model of all the intact dendrites in each cell. The problems of tissue shrinkage (histological processing) and unwanted refraction (Capowski and Sedivec, 198 1; Gla ...
... merged the cut ends of the dendrite in one section to their attachments in the next section, producing a three-dimensional mathematical model of all the intact dendrites in each cell. The problems of tissue shrinkage (histological processing) and unwanted refraction (Capowski and Sedivec, 198 1; Gla ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... – The area inside the axon membrane is more negative than is the outside (termed the resting membrane potential) – The RMP is usually about -70 mV ...
... – The area inside the axon membrane is more negative than is the outside (termed the resting membrane potential) – The RMP is usually about -70 mV ...
Simulating in vivo-like Synaptic Input Patterns in Multicompartmental
... average cortical pyramidal neuron receives about 10,000 synaptic inputs, and most of them are from other cortical neurons, which typically fire about 10 spikes per second in awake animals. Thus, the average cortical pyramidal neuron can be expected to receive roughly 100,000 synaptic events every se ...
... average cortical pyramidal neuron receives about 10,000 synaptic inputs, and most of them are from other cortical neurons, which typically fire about 10 spikes per second in awake animals. Thus, the average cortical pyramidal neuron can be expected to receive roughly 100,000 synaptic events every se ...
Neuroanatomical characteristics of deep and superficial needling
... During deep needling at LI11, the needle is inserted into the muscles. It is clear that skeletal muscles are supplied by both motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent) nerves. Axons derived from α and γ motor neurons in the spinal ventral horn innervate skeletal muscle fibres and spindles, respectivel ...
... During deep needling at LI11, the needle is inserted into the muscles. It is clear that skeletal muscles are supplied by both motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent) nerves. Axons derived from α and γ motor neurons in the spinal ventral horn innervate skeletal muscle fibres and spindles, respectivel ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
... tracts of sensory system (spinothalamic and spinoreticular pathways), which synapse with cells in the RF Fibers from the cerebral cortex, consisting of corticoreticular fibers from widespread cortical areas as well as collaterals from the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts of the motor system. F ...
... tracts of sensory system (spinothalamic and spinoreticular pathways), which synapse with cells in the RF Fibers from the cerebral cortex, consisting of corticoreticular fibers from widespread cortical areas as well as collaterals from the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts of the motor system. F ...
histology of muscle as a tissue
... in the glands associated with the alimentary tract, in the walls of the respiratory passages from the trachea to the alveolar ducts, and in the urinary and genital ducts. The walls of the arteries, veins, and large lymph vessels contain smooth muscle as well. Smooth muscle cell are described as spin ...
... in the glands associated with the alimentary tract, in the walls of the respiratory passages from the trachea to the alveolar ducts, and in the urinary and genital ducts. The walls of the arteries, veins, and large lymph vessels contain smooth muscle as well. Smooth muscle cell are described as spin ...
Neuronal cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity and regeneration
... are formed by small, actin-rich protrusions called dendritic spines that emerge from the shafts of dendrites. Neuronal activity, particularly synaptic activity, regulates the density, size, and morphology of dendritic spines in developing and adult brain. The synapses on dendritic spines are capable ...
... are formed by small, actin-rich protrusions called dendritic spines that emerge from the shafts of dendrites. Neuronal activity, particularly synaptic activity, regulates the density, size, and morphology of dendritic spines in developing and adult brain. The synapses on dendritic spines are capable ...
The Basics of Brain Development | SpringerLink
... underlie the well-documented plasticity and capacity for adaptation that is the hallmark of early brain development. By way of background, this chapter begins with a consideration of two important concepts that are essential for understanding how brains develop. The first involves gene expression: w ...
... underlie the well-documented plasticity and capacity for adaptation that is the hallmark of early brain development. By way of background, this chapter begins with a consideration of two important concepts that are essential for understanding how brains develop. The first involves gene expression: w ...
post-peer-review-non-publishers
... physiology and behaviour in line with daily changes in the environment. At present, synchronisation of the circadian system to the solar cycle is believed to rely on a quantitative assessment of total ambient illumination, provided by a bilateral projection from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nuc ...
... physiology and behaviour in line with daily changes in the environment. At present, synchronisation of the circadian system to the solar cycle is believed to rely on a quantitative assessment of total ambient illumination, provided by a bilateral projection from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nuc ...
CASE 47
... loop to the cerebral cortex, exciting the direct, stimulatory pathway to the thalamus and inhibiting the indirect, inhibitory pathway to the thalamus. Thus, if the dopamine-containing neurons degenerate (as occurs in Parkinson disease), the excitatory actions on the thalamus are inhibited ...
... loop to the cerebral cortex, exciting the direct, stimulatory pathway to the thalamus and inhibiting the indirect, inhibitory pathway to the thalamus. Thus, if the dopamine-containing neurons degenerate (as occurs in Parkinson disease), the excitatory actions on the thalamus are inhibited ...
Size and number of binucleate and mononucleate superior
... having a very distinct and defined position in the cell. Binucleate neurons appeared to be very common (Fig. 3). In addition, some neurons that seemed to be mononucleate in one neuronal profile in one single section turned out to be binucleate when their subsequent profiles were looked at in adjacent s ...
... having a very distinct and defined position in the cell. Binucleate neurons appeared to be very common (Fig. 3). In addition, some neurons that seemed to be mononucleate in one neuronal profile in one single section turned out to be binucleate when their subsequent profiles were looked at in adjacent s ...
How Spike Generation Mechanisms Determine the Neuronal
... sodium channels) determines the speed with which neurons can track changes in input. Key words: populations of spiking neurons; noise; dynamics; sodium channel; integrate-and-fire model; conductance-based model ...
... sodium channels) determines the speed with which neurons can track changes in input. Key words: populations of spiking neurons; noise; dynamics; sodium channel; integrate-and-fire model; conductance-based model ...
Axon Terminal Polarization Induced by Weak Uniform
... Solving the numerical models for radial and tangential fields (Fig. 3, B1-2) reveals that the effects of uniform electric fields on axonal terminations is influenced by numerous factors including the direction of the electric field and the orientation and the length of the last branch (Fig. 3, C1-2) ...
... Solving the numerical models for radial and tangential fields (Fig. 3, B1-2) reveals that the effects of uniform electric fields on axonal terminations is influenced by numerous factors including the direction of the electric field and the orientation and the length of the last branch (Fig. 3, C1-2) ...
Exam 5 Study Guide-sp2016
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
Evolution of Time-Coding Systems in Weakly Electric Fishes
... encoded, and further processed by peripheral and central neurons specialized for time coding. There are time codes for the sex or species identities of other fish or the resistance and capacitance of objects. In the central nervous system, specialized neural elements exist for decoding time codes fo ...
... encoded, and further processed by peripheral and central neurons specialized for time coding. There are time codes for the sex or species identities of other fish or the resistance and capacitance of objects. In the central nervous system, specialized neural elements exist for decoding time codes fo ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.