Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. However, estimates on the total numbers of neurons per class were not determined, because such estimates are unreliable and can be misleading. This is due to the fact that, d ...
... stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. However, estimates on the total numbers of neurons per class were not determined, because such estimates are unreliable and can be misleading. This is due to the fact that, d ...
Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3
... These results demonstrate that repeated restraint stress, which results in a moderate reduction in body weight gain and moderate changes in adrenal and thymus weights, resulted in a small but significant decrease in dendritic length and branch points of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. The ...
... These results demonstrate that repeated restraint stress, which results in a moderate reduction in body weight gain and moderate changes in adrenal and thymus weights, resulted in a small but significant decrease in dendritic length and branch points of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. The ...
State-dependent and cell type-specific temporal processing in
... Neocortical circuits show coordinated activity even in the absence of sensory inputs and this coordinated spontaneous activity defines cortical states1–3. In one extreme, a “synchronized” state during slow-wave sleep is characterized by slow fluctuations between synchronous and silent population act ...
... Neocortical circuits show coordinated activity even in the absence of sensory inputs and this coordinated spontaneous activity defines cortical states1–3. In one extreme, a “synchronized” state during slow-wave sleep is characterized by slow fluctuations between synchronous and silent population act ...
Correction is highlighted
... muscles All of the following statements comparing fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? ...
... muscles All of the following statements comparing fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? ...
Spinal Nerves
... •There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs •Formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord •Named for the region from which they arise ...
... •There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs •Formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord •Named for the region from which they arise ...
Document
... IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: This material logically splits into six basic topic areas, the organization of the brain, the functional relationships among the parts of the brain, the organization of the spinal cord, the functional relationships among the parts of the spinal cord, the functional relation ...
... IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: This material logically splits into six basic topic areas, the organization of the brain, the functional relationships among the parts of the brain, the organization of the spinal cord, the functional relationships among the parts of the spinal cord, the functional relation ...
The Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Physiology, etc. Overview
... strongest output going to motor areas – Ventral thalamus also projects to striatum, forming a potential feedback circuit – Basal ganglia motor output has a somatotopic organization such that the body below the neck is largely represented in GPi, and the head and eyes are largely represented in SNp ...
... strongest output going to motor areas – Ventral thalamus also projects to striatum, forming a potential feedback circuit – Basal ganglia motor output has a somatotopic organization such that the body below the neck is largely represented in GPi, and the head and eyes are largely represented in SNp ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... experiment to attain stable whole-cell recordings and effective stopping of fictive swimming. We found taps at different speeds/frequencies could stop swimming, but there were two types of neuronal responses. When fictive swimming was stopped by a slow tap driven by half a cycle of sinewave current ...
... experiment to attain stable whole-cell recordings and effective stopping of fictive swimming. We found taps at different speeds/frequencies could stop swimming, but there were two types of neuronal responses. When fictive swimming was stopped by a slow tap driven by half a cycle of sinewave current ...
Organization of Cytoskeletal Elements and Organelles Preceding
... tubulin, actin filaments, and Golgi apparatus is localized at the proximal pole of the proximal pioneer neuron. The growth cone of the proximal cell stereotypically arises from this site. Although the distal cell's axon generally grows proximally, occasionally it arises from its distal pole; in such ...
... tubulin, actin filaments, and Golgi apparatus is localized at the proximal pole of the proximal pioneer neuron. The growth cone of the proximal cell stereotypically arises from this site. Although the distal cell's axon generally grows proximally, occasionally it arises from its distal pole; in such ...
Sensory Systems in the Control of Movement
... Figure 1 Ensemble cycle averages of the firing of γs and γd motoneurons (A and B), recorded in the common peroneal nerve innervating the ankle flexor tibialis anterior (TA) during spontaneous locomotion in the high decerebrate cat. (A) Three simultaneously recorded γs motoneurons in two cats (panels ...
... Figure 1 Ensemble cycle averages of the firing of γs and γd motoneurons (A and B), recorded in the common peroneal nerve innervating the ankle flexor tibialis anterior (TA) during spontaneous locomotion in the high decerebrate cat. (A) Three simultaneously recorded γs motoneurons in two cats (panels ...
Post-Operative Time Effects after Sciatic Nerve Crush on the
... Twelve adult male Wistar rats, whose left sciatic nerves were highly compressed for 30 s, assigned to experimental groups 1 and 2 (n = 6). After 3 and 8 weeks post-operative (in groups 1 and 2 respectively) the lumbar segments of spinal cord were sampled, processed, sectioned serially and stained wi ...
... Twelve adult male Wistar rats, whose left sciatic nerves were highly compressed for 30 s, assigned to experimental groups 1 and 2 (n = 6). After 3 and 8 weeks post-operative (in groups 1 and 2 respectively) the lumbar segments of spinal cord were sampled, processed, sectioned serially and stained wi ...
Systems memory consolidation in Drosophila
... long-term synaptic plasticity and memory require translation of new proteins that are synthesized in response to the memory inducing stimuli. The best-studied example is the activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor that lies downstream of several signaling c ...
... long-term synaptic plasticity and memory require translation of new proteins that are synthesized in response to the memory inducing stimuli. The best-studied example is the activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor that lies downstream of several signaling c ...
Use the following information to answer the next question.
... Nerve impulses would also be reduced because of the axonopathy. While the speed of nerve impulse conduction could be normal, defects within the axons themselves would inhibit conduction. As a result, fewer nerve impulses would be transmitted. • Describe two kinds of evidence that could be obtained f ...
... Nerve impulses would also be reduced because of the axonopathy. While the speed of nerve impulse conduction could be normal, defects within the axons themselves would inhibit conduction. As a result, fewer nerve impulses would be transmitted. • Describe two kinds of evidence that could be obtained f ...
Alterations in Synaptic Strength Preceding Axon Withdrawal
... Fig.2C shows the comparison of the synaptic strengths of multiply innervated fibers with the synaptic strength of an input of a singly innervated fiber on the same muscle. For each pair of axonal innervations converging at a NMJ there is a weaker and a stronger input. For the case were the quantal c ...
... Fig.2C shows the comparison of the synaptic strengths of multiply innervated fibers with the synaptic strength of an input of a singly innervated fiber on the same muscle. For each pair of axonal innervations converging at a NMJ there is a weaker and a stronger input. For the case were the quantal c ...
Techniques and Methods to Implement Neural Networks Using SAS
... component of the pattern is determined, and adjustment to weights of connections between the hidden layer and the output layer is computed. A similar computation, still based on the error in the output, is made for the connection weights between the input and the hidden layers. ...
... component of the pattern is determined, and adjustment to weights of connections between the hidden layer and the output layer is computed. A similar computation, still based on the error in the output, is made for the connection weights between the input and the hidden layers. ...
1 also mediates MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation. In our
... In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the progressive loss of motor neurons is accompanied by extensive muscle denervation, resulting in paralysis and ultimately death. Disturbances in glutamate homeostasis, which lead to toxic accumulation of this excitatory neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft ...
... In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the progressive loss of motor neurons is accompanied by extensive muscle denervation, resulting in paralysis and ultimately death. Disturbances in glutamate homeostasis, which lead to toxic accumulation of this excitatory neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft ...
Effect of deep brain stimulation on substantia nigra neurons in a
... peripheral tube (resistance, 20–100 MΩ) was infused with the indicated solutions for microelectrophoresis (Table 1). Microelectrodes were slowly inserted, using a microelectrode propeller, until the tip of the microelectrode reached the SNc in the rat brain. Using a 6400A microelectrophoresis appara ...
... peripheral tube (resistance, 20–100 MΩ) was infused with the indicated solutions for microelectrophoresis (Table 1). Microelectrodes were slowly inserted, using a microelectrode propeller, until the tip of the microelectrode reached the SNc in the rat brain. Using a 6400A microelectrophoresis appara ...
9.14 Questions on chapter 1 of Brain Structure and Its
... 9) Explain how there is an organized representation of the surface of the entire body in cell groups at the dorsal-most end of the spinal cord. 10) Describe the sources of axons terminating in Clarke’s column (nucleus dorsalis) of the spinal cord from the lower limbs. What ascending fiber tract orig ...
... 9) Explain how there is an organized representation of the surface of the entire body in cell groups at the dorsal-most end of the spinal cord. 10) Describe the sources of axons terminating in Clarke’s column (nucleus dorsalis) of the spinal cord from the lower limbs. What ascending fiber tract orig ...
... sugars and fats are deemed more pleasurable, though this varies between people. Also as expected, the amount of dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens is reduced as a meal continues, meaning that the first bite of a food will be the most pleasurable, and all following bites will get more and mor ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
... Another hypothesis is astrocyte cells being detrimental to motor neurons. A recent study found that when human adult astrocytes were placed with embryonic stem-cell-derived motor neurons, the astrocytes triggered a form of regulated necrosis in the motor neuron cells. As a result of this research, t ...
... Another hypothesis is astrocyte cells being detrimental to motor neurons. A recent study found that when human adult astrocytes were placed with embryonic stem-cell-derived motor neurons, the astrocytes triggered a form of regulated necrosis in the motor neuron cells. As a result of this research, t ...
PDF
... CNS, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. We adopted the BrnAggs model from Dr Lynn Pulliam who refined a technique first described by DeLong to generate reaggregating cell cultures from fetal mouse isocortex and hippocampus (1). Dr Pulliam used BrnAggs to study human immunodeficiency ...
... CNS, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. We adopted the BrnAggs model from Dr Lynn Pulliam who refined a technique first described by DeLong to generate reaggregating cell cultures from fetal mouse isocortex and hippocampus (1). Dr Pulliam used BrnAggs to study human immunodeficiency ...
Distribution and characterisation of Glucagon-like peptide
... identify GLP-1R expressing cells. Patch-clamp recordings were performed on tdRFP-positive neurons in acute coronal brain slices from adult mice and selective targeting of GLP-1R cells in vivo was achieved using viral gene delivery. Results: Large numbers of eYFP or tdRFP immunoreactive cells were fo ...
... identify GLP-1R expressing cells. Patch-clamp recordings were performed on tdRFP-positive neurons in acute coronal brain slices from adult mice and selective targeting of GLP-1R cells in vivo was achieved using viral gene delivery. Results: Large numbers of eYFP or tdRFP immunoreactive cells were fo ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
... occur along sensory transmission pathways, from peripheral nociceptors, spinal dorsal horn synapses, thalamic neurons as well as cortical cells. noxious stimuli are significantly enhanced, and in allodynia, previously non-noxious stimuli cause behavioural nociceptive responses such as cold stimuli o ...
... occur along sensory transmission pathways, from peripheral nociceptors, spinal dorsal horn synapses, thalamic neurons as well as cortical cells. noxious stimuli are significantly enhanced, and in allodynia, previously non-noxious stimuli cause behavioural nociceptive responses such as cold stimuli o ...
Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... and Levi, 1995; Fahle and Morgan, 1996). Other visual perceptual tasks that improve with training include the ability to discriminate orientation (Vogels and Orban, 1985; Shiu and Pashler, 1992; Schoups et al., 1995), the direction of motion (Ball and Sekuler, 1982, 1987), the differences in the wav ...
... and Levi, 1995; Fahle and Morgan, 1996). Other visual perceptual tasks that improve with training include the ability to discriminate orientation (Vogels and Orban, 1985; Shiu and Pashler, 1992; Schoups et al., 1995), the direction of motion (Ball and Sekuler, 1982, 1987), the differences in the wav ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.