Neuronal circuitries involved in thermoregulation
... Cooling the PO increased the BAT temperature (Banet et al., 1978; Imai-Matsumura and Nakayama, 1987), which is the result of the inhibition of warm-sensitive neurons (Chen et al., 1998). The efferent signals from the PO must pass through the lateral part of the hypothalamus, since bilateral knife cu ...
... Cooling the PO increased the BAT temperature (Banet et al., 1978; Imai-Matsumura and Nakayama, 1987), which is the result of the inhibition of warm-sensitive neurons (Chen et al., 1998). The efferent signals from the PO must pass through the lateral part of the hypothalamus, since bilateral knife cu ...
4-stretch reflex
... -Excessive tension in the muscle ( by passive over-stretch of tendon or active muscle contraction) >>> cause muscle relaxation -The receptors are Golgi tendon organs (3-25) present in tendons are encapsulated sensory receptor through which muscle tendon fibers pass. About 10 to 15 muscle fibers are ...
... -Excessive tension in the muscle ( by passive over-stretch of tendon or active muscle contraction) >>> cause muscle relaxation -The receptors are Golgi tendon organs (3-25) present in tendons are encapsulated sensory receptor through which muscle tendon fibers pass. About 10 to 15 muscle fibers are ...
with task performance neural responses and determining their
... flexible rule-based mappings of sensory stimuli onto behavioral responses involve manipulating the sensory stimulus and the rule (e.g., Bennur and Gold 2011; Mansouri et al. 2007). A slightly less obvious example is a task that requires a subject to remember the specific sequence with which objects ...
... flexible rule-based mappings of sensory stimuli onto behavioral responses involve manipulating the sensory stimulus and the rule (e.g., Bennur and Gold 2011; Mansouri et al. 2007). A slightly less obvious example is a task that requires a subject to remember the specific sequence with which objects ...
Applied Pediatrics Jose A. Robles, MD Pediatric Neurology HISTORY
... • Definition of Terms: – Obtundation : mild to moderate blunting of alertness, accompanied by a lessened interest in or response to the environment. Patient have an increase in the number of hours of sleep, often with drowsiness in Delirium : characterized by disorientation, irritability, delusions ...
... • Definition of Terms: – Obtundation : mild to moderate blunting of alertness, accompanied by a lessened interest in or response to the environment. Patient have an increase in the number of hours of sleep, often with drowsiness in Delirium : characterized by disorientation, irritability, delusions ...
VALUE-DEPENDENT SELECTION IN THE BRAIN: SIMULATION IN
... established repertoires of interconnected neuronal groups) and basic mechanisms (modification of synaptic strengths) differ from those of evolution. Specifically, the theory proposes that brain function is mediated by: (i) selectional events occurring among interacting cells in the developing embryo ...
... established repertoires of interconnected neuronal groups) and basic mechanisms (modification of synaptic strengths) differ from those of evolution. Specifically, the theory proposes that brain function is mediated by: (i) selectional events occurring among interacting cells in the developing embryo ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... M10) with R7, R8, and the monopolar L1–L5 neurons of the lamina specifically terminating in one or a few of the distal (relative to brain) M1–M6 strata (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Meinertzhagen and Sorra, 2001; Morante and Desplan, 2004; Takemura et al., 2008). R7 and R8 neurons terminate in M6 a ...
... M10) with R7, R8, and the monopolar L1–L5 neurons of the lamina specifically terminating in one or a few of the distal (relative to brain) M1–M6 strata (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Meinertzhagen and Sorra, 2001; Morante and Desplan, 2004; Takemura et al., 2008). R7 and R8 neurons terminate in M6 a ...
Odorant Specificity of Single Olfactory Bulb Neurons to Amino Acids
... are. Whereas olfactory stimuli tested for mammals are rather broad, with many stimuli having questionable biological significance, the olfactory system of fish responds to fewer odorants with a known behavioral context. Amino acids, which constitute a major class of biologically relevant odorant sti ...
... are. Whereas olfactory stimuli tested for mammals are rather broad, with many stimuli having questionable biological significance, the olfactory system of fish responds to fewer odorants with a known behavioral context. Amino acids, which constitute a major class of biologically relevant odorant sti ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) ...
... α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) ...
The Biology of Mind - American International School
... Neurons transmit messages when stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons. In response, a neuron fires an impulse, called the action potential—a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon. Depending on the type of fiber, a neural impu ...
... Neurons transmit messages when stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons. In response, a neuron fires an impulse, called the action potential—a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon. Depending on the type of fiber, a neural impu ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... behavior of the animal and a reinforcing outcome (independently of behavior). Several psychological processes contribute to learning and instrumental performance (Dickinson, 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is often goal directed and can be flexibly modulated by motivation. Flexible representat ...
... behavior of the animal and a reinforcing outcome (independently of behavior). Several psychological processes contribute to learning and instrumental performance (Dickinson, 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is often goal directed and can be flexibly modulated by motivation. Flexible representat ...
Impact on Perception, Attention, and Memory
... cortical response. By combining lesion and brain imaging techniques, Vuilleumier, Richardson, Armony, Driver, and Dolan (2004) were able to demonstrate that the enhanced response in the visual cortex to emotional stimuli may be the result of feedback from the amygdala. They showed a lack of visual c ...
... cortical response. By combining lesion and brain imaging techniques, Vuilleumier, Richardson, Armony, Driver, and Dolan (2004) were able to demonstrate that the enhanced response in the visual cortex to emotional stimuli may be the result of feedback from the amygdala. They showed a lack of visual c ...
wood ant (formica lugubris zett.)
... 1. The corpora pedunculata of the wood ant (Formica lugubris Zett.) contain densely packed neuron perikarya which are separated by ultrathin glial sheaths. 2. These glial sheaths are occasionally interrupted by round holes with an average surface area of 2.64/z 2. The holes are designated glial wind ...
... 1. The corpora pedunculata of the wood ant (Formica lugubris Zett.) contain densely packed neuron perikarya which are separated by ultrathin glial sheaths. 2. These glial sheaths are occasionally interrupted by round holes with an average surface area of 2.64/z 2. The holes are designated glial wind ...
pdf file - Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
... compared to inputs from other cortical cells. Anatomical estimates vary widely for the proportion of the total excitatory input in layer 4 contributed by geniculate terminals. Peters and Payne (1993) calculated the proportion to be 5%, judging from the estimates of the density of cells found there, ...
... compared to inputs from other cortical cells. Anatomical estimates vary widely for the proportion of the total excitatory input in layer 4 contributed by geniculate terminals. Peters and Payne (1993) calculated the proportion to be 5%, judging from the estimates of the density of cells found there, ...
PowerPoint Template
... Although little is known about the neurophysiological or biochemical mechanisms behind central fatigue ,some theories exist, one of which is the so-called branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) theory. The main points of this theory are as follows: 1、BCAAS and tryptophan enter the brain via the same amino ...
... Although little is known about the neurophysiological or biochemical mechanisms behind central fatigue ,some theories exist, one of which is the so-called branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) theory. The main points of this theory are as follows: 1、BCAAS and tryptophan enter the brain via the same amino ...
Structural changes of the human superior cervical
... Since SCG is the main source of sympathetic innervation of the cerebral arteries, we proposed a hypothesis that a stroke damaging the integrity of cerebral arteries and the structure of perivascular nervous plexus may cause distal axonal damage and indirectly contribute to defects in axonal transpor ...
... Since SCG is the main source of sympathetic innervation of the cerebral arteries, we proposed a hypothesis that a stroke damaging the integrity of cerebral arteries and the structure of perivascular nervous plexus may cause distal axonal damage and indirectly contribute to defects in axonal transpor ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... multiple growth cones (Fig. 2 A, i). Indeed, the leading process does not turn when the source of attractant changes (Ward et al., 2005; Martini et al., 2009). Rather, branches are selectively stabilized based on proximity to the source of attractant: the branch whose growth cone is nearer the attra ...
... multiple growth cones (Fig. 2 A, i). Indeed, the leading process does not turn when the source of attractant changes (Ward et al., 2005; Martini et al., 2009). Rather, branches are selectively stabilized based on proximity to the source of attractant: the branch whose growth cone is nearer the attra ...
Sympathetic reflex compensations in shock
... Cardiac depression: when arterial blood pressure falls low enough, the myocardium itself gets damaged due to reduced blood supply in the coronaries. This weak heart muscle leads to further reduction in cardiac ...
... Cardiac depression: when arterial blood pressure falls low enough, the myocardium itself gets damaged due to reduced blood supply in the coronaries. This weak heart muscle leads to further reduction in cardiac ...
A Neuronal Is Required Stimulation Cell Surface
... were incubated for 72 h with 1 mM 4-methylumbelliferyl-BD-xyloside. During the last 24 h, 2 uCi/ml [aH]thymidine were added to control and drug-treated cultures. Fig. 1 shows an example of such a culture, in which the percent of Schwann cells whose nuclei were labeled with [3H]thymidine (as assayed ...
... were incubated for 72 h with 1 mM 4-methylumbelliferyl-BD-xyloside. During the last 24 h, 2 uCi/ml [aH]thymidine were added to control and drug-treated cultures. Fig. 1 shows an example of such a culture, in which the percent of Schwann cells whose nuclei were labeled with [3H]thymidine (as assayed ...
Nerve Regeneration in C. elegans after femtosecond laser axotomy
... phasmid neurons were first filled with green fluorescent DiO dye by incubating the worms in the dye solution. Then, we cut the dendrite of a neuron that connects the cell body to the sensory ending. Next, we incubated the worm with red fluorescent DiI dye to test the dye uptake through dendrite foll ...
... phasmid neurons were first filled with green fluorescent DiO dye by incubating the worms in the dye solution. Then, we cut the dendrite of a neuron that connects the cell body to the sensory ending. Next, we incubated the worm with red fluorescent DiI dye to test the dye uptake through dendrite foll ...
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
... to superficial V1. Notably, this circuit is anatomically segregated from the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway carrying non-directiontuned visual information to deeper layers of V1, such as layer 4. Thus, the mouse harbours several functionally specialized, parallel retinogeniculo-cortical pathways, ...
... to superficial V1. Notably, this circuit is anatomically segregated from the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway carrying non-directiontuned visual information to deeper layers of V1, such as layer 4. Thus, the mouse harbours several functionally specialized, parallel retinogeniculo-cortical pathways, ...
Institute of Psychology C.N.R.
... forms. To describe the relation between genes and environment the notion of a reaction norm can be used. A reaction norm is a genetically inherited constraint that specifies the range of possible developmental reactions of the individual to the environmental influences. If a trait of the individual ...
... forms. To describe the relation between genes and environment the notion of a reaction norm can be used. A reaction norm is a genetically inherited constraint that specifies the range of possible developmental reactions of the individual to the environmental influences. If a trait of the individual ...
Ramayya, A. G., Zaghloul, K. A., Weidemann, C. T., Baltuch, G. H.
... activity using the WaveClus software package (Quiroga et al., 2005). We band-pass filtered each voltage recording from 400 to 5000 Hz and manually removed periods of motion artifact. We identified spike events as positive or negative deflections in the voltage trace that crossed a threshold that was ...
... activity using the WaveClus software package (Quiroga et al., 2005). We band-pass filtered each voltage recording from 400 to 5000 Hz and manually removed periods of motion artifact. We identified spike events as positive or negative deflections in the voltage trace that crossed a threshold that was ...
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog
... directly involved in aspects of complex memory [1]. We were initially interested in a simple question: Are the electrophysiological properties of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, which were thought to be the key hippocampal cells involved in memory storage, fundamentally different from other ...
... directly involved in aspects of complex memory [1]. We were initially interested in a simple question: Are the electrophysiological properties of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, which were thought to be the key hippocampal cells involved in memory storage, fundamentally different from other ...
J. Neurophysiol. - Nonlinear Dynamics Group
... Neurophysiological studies have succeeded in correlating the firing activity of specific populations of neurons to animal behaviors, defining sites with neuronal activity in particular behavioral contexts as the functional areas corresponding to those behaviors. Although such observations are intere ...
... Neurophysiological studies have succeeded in correlating the firing activity of specific populations of neurons to animal behaviors, defining sites with neuronal activity in particular behavioral contexts as the functional areas corresponding to those behaviors. Although such observations are intere ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.