Median Nerve Conduction Velocity
... technology permitted routine use of nerve conduction tests to diagnose certain neuromuscular disorders. Today, neurologists frequently assess conduction velocities of both sensory and motor nerves. A nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test is used to examine the strength (i.e. intensity) of the neural ...
... technology permitted routine use of nerve conduction tests to diagnose certain neuromuscular disorders. Today, neurologists frequently assess conduction velocities of both sensory and motor nerves. A nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test is used to examine the strength (i.e. intensity) of the neural ...
Neural Darwinism
... neurons, called neuronal groups. Neurons within a group are highly interconnected, and changes in their synaptic strengths tend differentially to enhance the adaptive responses of the group as a whole. While the structures underlying neuronal groups arise from local anatomical connections, the group ...
... neurons, called neuronal groups. Neurons within a group are highly interconnected, and changes in their synaptic strengths tend differentially to enhance the adaptive responses of the group as a whole. While the structures underlying neuronal groups arise from local anatomical connections, the group ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
Soltis Autism: a Spectrum of Research Abby Soltis Final Draft Senior
... correlation between glutamate levels could be found, perhaps due to the small sample size (Purcell et al., 2001). Glutamate receptors are located in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Both regions, which have been repeatedly implicated as containing abnormalities in autistic brains (Purcell et al., 200 ...
... correlation between glutamate levels could be found, perhaps due to the small sample size (Purcell et al., 2001). Glutamate receptors are located in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Both regions, which have been repeatedly implicated as containing abnormalities in autistic brains (Purcell et al., 200 ...
The Late Effects of Polio - Polio Outreach of Washington
... Many polio survivors find they are unable to swim in an unheated pool, or they have more trouble walking in cold weather. This is explained by the fact that when muscle is cooled, ...
... Many polio survivors find they are unable to swim in an unheated pool, or they have more trouble walking in cold weather. This is explained by the fact that when muscle is cooled, ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... simple and highly successful formulation of this process has been the “integrate-and-fire” model (Lapicque, 1907). According to this model, neurons integrate synaptic input via their membrane capacitance and fire spikes when their voltage reaches spike threshold (Lapicque, 1907; Tuckwell, 1988). For ...
... simple and highly successful formulation of this process has been the “integrate-and-fire” model (Lapicque, 1907). According to this model, neurons integrate synaptic input via their membrane capacitance and fire spikes when their voltage reaches spike threshold (Lapicque, 1907; Tuckwell, 1988). For ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... varied by first consonant (“dad,” “sad,” “tad,” “bad,” and “gad”). The third stimulus set consisted of the 4 CVC speech sounds that varied by vowel (“dad,” “dud,” “deed,” and “dood”). As with the anesthetized recordings, all speech sounds were shifted up 1 octave and calibrated such that the loudest ...
... varied by first consonant (“dad,” “sad,” “tad,” “bad,” and “gad”). The third stimulus set consisted of the 4 CVC speech sounds that varied by vowel (“dad,” “dud,” “deed,” and “dood”). As with the anesthetized recordings, all speech sounds were shifted up 1 octave and calibrated such that the loudest ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... Box 35–1 Muscle Spindles Muscle spindles are small encapsulated sensory receptors that have a spindle-like or fusiform shape and are located within the fleshy part of a muscle. Their main function is to signal changes in the length of the muscle within which they reside. Changes in length of muscles ...
... Box 35–1 Muscle Spindles Muscle spindles are small encapsulated sensory receptors that have a spindle-like or fusiform shape and are located within the fleshy part of a muscle. Their main function is to signal changes in the length of the muscle within which they reside. Changes in length of muscles ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... varied by first consonant (“dad,” “sad,” “tad,” “bad,” and “gad”). The third stimulus set consisted of the 4 CVC speech sounds that varied by vowel (“dad,” “dud,” “deed,” and “dood”). As with the anesthetized recordings, all speech sounds were shifted up 1 octave and calibrated such that the loudest ...
... varied by first consonant (“dad,” “sad,” “tad,” “bad,” and “gad”). The third stimulus set consisted of the 4 CVC speech sounds that varied by vowel (“dad,” “dud,” “deed,” and “dood”). As with the anesthetized recordings, all speech sounds were shifted up 1 octave and calibrated such that the loudest ...
The Face as a Sensory Organ
... information collected by the facial receptors, and conveyed by the peripheral axons of the trigeminal sensory neurons (along the peripheral pathways), to higher cortical centers for processing and integration.26 These primary sensory neurons reside in the trigeminal ganglion (Gasser’s ganglion or Ga ...
... information collected by the facial receptors, and conveyed by the peripheral axons of the trigeminal sensory neurons (along the peripheral pathways), to higher cortical centers for processing and integration.26 These primary sensory neurons reside in the trigeminal ganglion (Gasser’s ganglion or Ga ...
FREE Sample Here - Find the cheapest test bank for your
... Dendrites receive information and send it on to the cell body. The axon carries information away from the cell body and on to other cells. A myelin sheath, which covers the axon, is semipermeable, meaning that certain substances can pass into and out of the axon. The degenerative nerve disorder call ...
... Dendrites receive information and send it on to the cell body. The axon carries information away from the cell body and on to other cells. A myelin sheath, which covers the axon, is semipermeable, meaning that certain substances can pass into and out of the axon. The degenerative nerve disorder call ...
Centrosome Motility Is Essential for Initial Axon Formation in the Neocortex
... process important for the correct formation of neuronal circuits. The development of axons and dendrites in vitro appears to depend on an intrinsic polarity regulated by the cytoskeleton as well as the segregation of proteins, lipids, and polarity proteins (Wiggin et al., 2005; Arimura and Kaibuchi, ...
... process important for the correct formation of neuronal circuits. The development of axons and dendrites in vitro appears to depend on an intrinsic polarity regulated by the cytoskeleton as well as the segregation of proteins, lipids, and polarity proteins (Wiggin et al., 2005; Arimura and Kaibuchi, ...
Print this article - University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life
... The treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) relies heavily on levodopa therapy. Although highly effective in ameliorating the debilitating symptoms of PD, levodopa treatment is largely associated with the development of abnormal involuntary movements. Several studies have suggested that these motor co ...
... The treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) relies heavily on levodopa therapy. Although highly effective in ameliorating the debilitating symptoms of PD, levodopa treatment is largely associated with the development of abnormal involuntary movements. Several studies have suggested that these motor co ...
Membrane-shaping disorders: a common pathway in axon
... space in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. The insert shows membrane-shaping proteins implicated in axon degeneration and respective human disorders are indicated in brackets. A prototype reticulon domain is a common feature of reticulon 2 (RTN2), FAM134B, and ARL6IP1 (light pink). Membrane-sh ...
... space in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. The insert shows membrane-shaping proteins implicated in axon degeneration and respective human disorders are indicated in brackets. A prototype reticulon domain is a common feature of reticulon 2 (RTN2), FAM134B, and ARL6IP1 (light pink). Membrane-sh ...
REFERRED MUSCLE PAIN/HYPERALGESIA AND CENTRAL
... still incompletely known, in spite of an exponential rise in the number of studies in the field in recent years (5, 13). Interpretation problems particularly concern the form of referred muscle pain with hyperalgesia. Simple referred pain (without hyperalgesia) is in fact relatively easy to account ...
... still incompletely known, in spite of an exponential rise in the number of studies in the field in recent years (5, 13). Interpretation problems particularly concern the form of referred muscle pain with hyperalgesia. Simple referred pain (without hyperalgesia) is in fact relatively easy to account ...
Experimentally cross-wired lingual taste nerves can restore normal
... the CT) nerve is essential for the maintenance of both an unconditioned protective reflex (gaping) and the neural activity observed in central gustatory structures in response to lingual application of a bitter substance. An unresolved issue, however, is whether recovery depends more on the taste ne ...
... the CT) nerve is essential for the maintenance of both an unconditioned protective reflex (gaping) and the neural activity observed in central gustatory structures in response to lingual application of a bitter substance. An unresolved issue, however, is whether recovery depends more on the taste ne ...
Somatosensory and Pain
... http://juniorprof.wordpress.com/2009/05/25/whatcauses-chronic-pain-or-how-does-pain-become-chronic/ http://juniorprof.wordpress.com/2008/07/05/what-ishyperalgesia-what-is-allodynia/ Optional: Apkarian et al. for more on brain and pain, and Sandkuhler on central sensitization and LTP ...
... http://juniorprof.wordpress.com/2009/05/25/whatcauses-chronic-pain-or-how-does-pain-become-chronic/ http://juniorprof.wordpress.com/2008/07/05/what-ishyperalgesia-what-is-allodynia/ Optional: Apkarian et al. for more on brain and pain, and Sandkuhler on central sensitization and LTP ...
Cranial Nerves with a Focus on Swallowing and Voice.
... c) palatal elevation (tenses soft palate) d) posterior pharyngeal wall constriction Eye movement (abduction) - Facial expression - Taste - Salivation (submandibular and sublingual glands) - Lacrimation - Mandibular depression - Contributes to hyoid elevation ...
... c) palatal elevation (tenses soft palate) d) posterior pharyngeal wall constriction Eye movement (abduction) - Facial expression - Taste - Salivation (submandibular and sublingual glands) - Lacrimation - Mandibular depression - Contributes to hyoid elevation ...
tutorial 1 GUS
... • Urine is eliminated from the bladder through the ______________. • The two regions of the kidney are an outer ______________and an inner _______________. ...
... • Urine is eliminated from the bladder through the ______________. • The two regions of the kidney are an outer ______________and an inner _______________. ...
MMNeuropharm2011
... 100 to 500 trillion synapses. The word “synapse” comes from the Greek “syn-” (“together”) and “haptein” (“to clasp”), coined by Sherrington in the late 19th century. In the CNS most synapses are chemical: the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft that interacts with ...
... 100 to 500 trillion synapses. The word “synapse” comes from the Greek “syn-” (“together”) and “haptein” (“to clasp”), coined by Sherrington in the late 19th century. In the CNS most synapses are chemical: the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft that interacts with ...
Saccade-induced activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus X
... (Cleland et al., 1971; Hoffmann et al., 1972). First, orthodromic latencies to electrical pulse stimulation of the optic chiasm was measured. Second, the random-square pattern was switched on and off for 1 s each to record transient and sustained responses. Examples of neuronal responses to pattern ...
... (Cleland et al., 1971; Hoffmann et al., 1972). First, orthodromic latencies to electrical pulse stimulation of the optic chiasm was measured. Second, the random-square pattern was switched on and off for 1 s each to record transient and sustained responses. Examples of neuronal responses to pattern ...
Control of dopaminergic neuron survival by the unfolded protein
... the mRNA encoding the transcription factor X-Box binding protein 1 (XBP1). This unconventional splicing event changes the coding reading frame of the mRNA, leading to the expression of a more stable and active transcription factor, termed XBP1s (12–14). Genetic manipulations of xbp1 in different org ...
... the mRNA encoding the transcription factor X-Box binding protein 1 (XBP1). This unconventional splicing event changes the coding reading frame of the mRNA, leading to the expression of a more stable and active transcription factor, termed XBP1s (12–14). Genetic manipulations of xbp1 in different org ...
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... structures of the medial temporal lobes including the amygdala and the piriform cortex. ...
... structures of the medial temporal lobes including the amygdala and the piriform cortex. ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... reported that 50% of afferents but only 35% of S1 cortical neurons had nearly circular excitatory RF shapes (defined as aspect ratios ⬍1.5) at the time of peak response. Inhibitory sidebands may plausibly create or further enhance orientation selectivity (Hsiao et al. 2002). However, S1 cortical RF ...
... reported that 50% of afferents but only 35% of S1 cortical neurons had nearly circular excitatory RF shapes (defined as aspect ratios ⬍1.5) at the time of peak response. Inhibitory sidebands may plausibly create or further enhance orientation selectivity (Hsiao et al. 2002). However, S1 cortical RF ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.