Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... unlike most BM and VM neuron somata, which migrate dorsally14. Rhombomere 4 also contains a population of vestibuloacoustic neurons, which are efferent to the hair cells of the inner ear; a subset of these neurons (contralateral vestibuloacoustic neurons) translocate their cell bodies across the mid ...
... unlike most BM and VM neuron somata, which migrate dorsally14. Rhombomere 4 also contains a population of vestibuloacoustic neurons, which are efferent to the hair cells of the inner ear; a subset of these neurons (contralateral vestibuloacoustic neurons) translocate their cell bodies across the mid ...
ppt - IISER Pune
... Dan H Sanes, Thomas A Reh, William A Harris. Development of the Nervous System 2005 – Chapter 8 5th September 2013 ...
... Dan H Sanes, Thomas A Reh, William A Harris. Development of the Nervous System 2005 – Chapter 8 5th September 2013 ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... calcium channels, and CB1 receptor activation, but notably, not NMDA receptors or mAChRs (Calabresi et al., 1992a, 1997; Choi and Lovinger, 1997; Gerdeman et al., 2002; Kreitzer and Malenka, 2005; Sung et al., 2001). The basic model that has emerged from these results is that HFS in or near the dors ...
... calcium channels, and CB1 receptor activation, but notably, not NMDA receptors or mAChRs (Calabresi et al., 1992a, 1997; Choi and Lovinger, 1997; Gerdeman et al., 2002; Kreitzer and Malenka, 2005; Sung et al., 2001). The basic model that has emerged from these results is that HFS in or near the dors ...
Tenascin-C Contains Distinct Adhesive, Anti
... astrocytes, and, in a minority of cases, by subpopulations of neurons, e.g., retinal ganglion cells. In some areas, TN-C is distributed in discrete boundaries which delineate emerging functional processing units, for example, in the barrel field of the developing somatosensory cortex, in the patch-m ...
... astrocytes, and, in a minority of cases, by subpopulations of neurons, e.g., retinal ganglion cells. In some areas, TN-C is distributed in discrete boundaries which delineate emerging functional processing units, for example, in the barrel field of the developing somatosensory cortex, in the patch-m ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... Nicols, 2000). The precision and evolutionary fidelity evident in this weighted sensory-motor connectivity matrix imply selectivity in synapse formation, yet the cellular principles that confer synergist specificity remain sketchy at best. Most studies that have explored the developmental basis of s ...
... Nicols, 2000). The precision and evolutionary fidelity evident in this weighted sensory-motor connectivity matrix imply selectivity in synapse formation, yet the cellular principles that confer synergist specificity remain sketchy at best. Most studies that have explored the developmental basis of s ...
Receptores Monoaminérgicos en Corteza Prefrontal: Mecanismo de Acción de Fármacos Antipsicóticos
... illness. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities. These deficits are of particular interest since an early improvement in cognitive performance predicts a better long-term clinical outcome. Here we examined the effect of the non-competitive NMDA- ...
... illness. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities. These deficits are of particular interest since an early improvement in cognitive performance predicts a better long-term clinical outcome. Here we examined the effect of the non-competitive NMDA- ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... eventual settling and differentiation (Caviness and Rakic, 1978; Hatten, 1993; Hatten and Heintz, 1995; Rakic and Caviness, 1995). These migration routes and settling points are defined by short-range and long-range cues from the surrounding environment, many of which later guide axonal growth cones ...
... eventual settling and differentiation (Caviness and Rakic, 1978; Hatten, 1993; Hatten and Heintz, 1995; Rakic and Caviness, 1995). These migration routes and settling points are defined by short-range and long-range cues from the surrounding environment, many of which later guide axonal growth cones ...
contextual influences on visual processing
... ON THE VARIETIES OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES Broadly defined—as sources of information used to identify the meaning of a ...
... ON THE VARIETIES OF CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES Broadly defined—as sources of information used to identify the meaning of a ...
Association of type I neurons positive for NADPH
... In addition to the sparsely scattered NADPHd neurons within the corpus callosum, positive neurons were evident along both the dorsal and ventral margins. These were less sparsely distributed (Figures 1 and 3); but since we consider these as a separate subpopulation, on the grounds of location and or ...
... In addition to the sparsely scattered NADPHd neurons within the corpus callosum, positive neurons were evident along both the dorsal and ventral margins. These were less sparsely distributed (Figures 1 and 3); but since we consider these as a separate subpopulation, on the grounds of location and or ...
Biology 30 - Alberta Education
... The questions in this document are from the April 2014 administration of the Biology 30 Diploma Examination. This material, along with the Biology 30 Program of Studies, Biology 30 Information Bulletin, and school authority or school reports, can provide insight for teachers to assist them with inst ...
... The questions in this document are from the April 2014 administration of the Biology 30 Diploma Examination. This material, along with the Biology 30 Program of Studies, Biology 30 Information Bulletin, and school authority or school reports, can provide insight for teachers to assist them with inst ...
Beyond the classical receptive field: The effect of contextual stimuli
... retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range interactions; for long-range interactions, more powerful mechanisms are needed. Accordingly, the hitherto established local RF properties had to be extended to take distant global inputs into account. The i ...
... retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range interactions; for long-range interactions, more powerful mechanisms are needed. Accordingly, the hitherto established local RF properties had to be extended to take distant global inputs into account. The i ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... Effector specificity in general refers to activity that is specific to planning to move or to moving a particular body part. In this review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specific ...
... Effector specificity in general refers to activity that is specific to planning to move or to moving a particular body part. In this review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specific ...
An Intrinsic Oscillation in Interneurons of the Rat Lateral Geniculate
... obtained with slightly different holding potentials or depolarizing plateaus. In most interneurons, however, no tonic firing was seen. In three oscillating interneurons, a large variety of protocols was used in an attempt to elicit tonic spiking. The protocols included the use of successive depolari ...
... obtained with slightly different holding potentials or depolarizing plateaus. In most interneurons, however, no tonic firing was seen. In three oscillating interneurons, a large variety of protocols was used in an attempt to elicit tonic spiking. The protocols included the use of successive depolari ...
Shapes and Level Tolerances of Frequency Tuning Curves in
... extended low-frequency tails, and sharp high-frequency cutoffs in auditory nerve (AN) fiber eFTCs (e.g., Kiang et al. 1967) indicate that more AN fibers will respond to a loud lowfrequency sound than a loud high-frequency sound. This type of population code cannot simply be determined by sharpness m ...
... extended low-frequency tails, and sharp high-frequency cutoffs in auditory nerve (AN) fiber eFTCs (e.g., Kiang et al. 1967) indicate that more AN fibers will respond to a loud lowfrequency sound than a loud high-frequency sound. This type of population code cannot simply be determined by sharpness m ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Partner B
... ipsilateral, which means the motor neuron activity occurs on the same side as of the motor synapse. The stretch reflex is also monosynaptic, meaning the reflex only uses a single synapse. ...
... ipsilateral, which means the motor neuron activity occurs on the same side as of the motor synapse. The stretch reflex is also monosynaptic, meaning the reflex only uses a single synapse. ...
the-senses-of-smell-and-taste
... • The inner ear is protected by the hardest bone in the body. • The cochlea is a bony tube that contains fluids as well as neurons that move in response to the vibrations of the fluids. • The movement generates neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. • Within the br ...
... • The inner ear is protected by the hardest bone in the body. • The cochlea is a bony tube that contains fluids as well as neurons that move in response to the vibrations of the fluids. • The movement generates neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. • Within the br ...
Article Conserved Higher-Order Chromatin Regulates NMDA Receptor Gene Expression and Cognition Neuron
... including enhancers and locus control regions which have been intensely studied in extraneural tissues such as blood for more than 30 years (Banerji et al., 1981; Li et al., 1999). These mechanisms, however, essentially remain unexplored in the context of neuronal gene expression affecting cognition ...
... including enhancers and locus control regions which have been intensely studied in extraneural tissues such as blood for more than 30 years (Banerji et al., 1981; Li et al., 1999). These mechanisms, however, essentially remain unexplored in the context of neuronal gene expression affecting cognition ...
How PACAP CeA Infusion Alters Mechanical and Thermal Sensitivity
... second pain. Aδ fibers propagate specific information, with high intensity and short latency. They are responsible for the quick, sharp first pain that triggers a withdrawal response. C fibers propagate more slowly. These slow potentials induce aching and sometimes a burning pain, referred to as sec ...
... second pain. Aδ fibers propagate specific information, with high intensity and short latency. They are responsible for the quick, sharp first pain that triggers a withdrawal response. C fibers propagate more slowly. These slow potentials induce aching and sometimes a burning pain, referred to as sec ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... stimulus delivery design remained the same from day to day, the electrodes were sometimes moved in 0.075 mm increments between recording days to sample more of the LH neuropil, and to obtain fresh units for each recording session. Across all recording days, the electrodes were moved up to a total of ...
... stimulus delivery design remained the same from day to day, the electrodes were sometimes moved in 0.075 mm increments between recording days to sample more of the LH neuropil, and to obtain fresh units for each recording session. Across all recording days, the electrodes were moved up to a total of ...
Simulations of neuromuscular control in lamprey swimming
... with a gradually increasing amplitude. The wavelength is approximately equal to the body length, which means that about one full wave is always present along the body regardless of the swimming speed. This makes sense from a hydrodynamic point of view, because the lateral forces can cancel each othe ...
... with a gradually increasing amplitude. The wavelength is approximately equal to the body length, which means that about one full wave is always present along the body regardless of the swimming speed. This makes sense from a hydrodynamic point of view, because the lateral forces can cancel each othe ...
REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION Hormones secretion is
... Growth hormone has a variety of effects on different tissues. The hormones act slowly requiring from 1-2 hours to several days before it biological effects are detectable. This slow action and its stimulatory effects on RNA synthesis suggest that it is involved in protein synthesis. The hormone acts ...
... Growth hormone has a variety of effects on different tissues. The hormones act slowly requiring from 1-2 hours to several days before it biological effects are detectable. This slow action and its stimulatory effects on RNA synthesis suggest that it is involved in protein synthesis. The hormone acts ...
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... varied by first consonant (“dad,” “sad,” “tad,” “bad,” and “gad”). The third stimulus set consisted of the 4 CVC speech sounds that varied by vowel (“dad,” “dud,” “deed,” and “dood”). As with the anesthetized recordings, all speech sounds were shifted up 1 octave and calibrated such that the loudest ...
... varied by first consonant (“dad,” “sad,” “tad,” “bad,” and “gad”). The third stimulus set consisted of the 4 CVC speech sounds that varied by vowel (“dad,” “dud,” “deed,” and “dood”). As with the anesthetized recordings, all speech sounds were shifted up 1 octave and calibrated such that the loudest ...
- Hayden Lab
... implemented a logistic general linear model with choice (offer 1 versus offer 2) as a function of seven regressors: both reward sizes, both reward probabilities, outcome of previous trial (reward versus no reward), choice of previous trial (offer 1 versus offer 2), and side of offer 1 (left versus r ...
... implemented a logistic general linear model with choice (offer 1 versus offer 2) as a function of seven regressors: both reward sizes, both reward probabilities, outcome of previous trial (reward versus no reward), choice of previous trial (offer 1 versus offer 2), and side of offer 1 (left versus r ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.