TOWARDS AN "EARLY NEURAL CIRCUIT SIMULATOR": A FPGA
... The computational model of the whisker system is divided according to the two-stage model of the nervous system. 2.2.1 First stage (trigeminal ganglion) model Each of the roughly 30 whiskers on the rat's face has associated with it between 1500 and 2000 ganglion neurons, If our dynamical state hypot ...
... The computational model of the whisker system is divided according to the two-stage model of the nervous system. 2.2.1 First stage (trigeminal ganglion) model Each of the roughly 30 whiskers on the rat's face has associated with it between 1500 and 2000 ganglion neurons, If our dynamical state hypot ...
CYTOARCHITECTURE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
... • Soma: shape; size; orientation; other • Dendrite: arborization polarity; branch metrics; fine structure; postsynaptic element; other • Axon: initial segment; arbor trajectory; terminal shape; branch metrics; boutons; synaptic targets; other • Connections: chemical and electrical; source; location ...
... • Soma: shape; size; orientation; other • Dendrite: arborization polarity; branch metrics; fine structure; postsynaptic element; other • Axon: initial segment; arbor trajectory; terminal shape; branch metrics; boutons; synaptic targets; other • Connections: chemical and electrical; source; location ...
Modulation of early cortical processing during divided attention to
... movements. All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. The experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent and received a m ...
... movements. All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. The experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent and received a m ...
REVIEW
... ual development, neuroendocrine responses to pheromones, and sexual attraction and arousal.3,4 There is evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in ...
... ual development, neuroendocrine responses to pheromones, and sexual attraction and arousal.3,4 There is evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in ...
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
... onward (van Rullen et al. 1998). Consistent with this idea, many V1 neurons are tuned to orientation during their initial visual response (Celebrini et al. 1993). The initial neuronal responses in higher visual areas are also selective for complex shapes (Oram & Perrett 1992, 1994; Sugase et al. 199 ...
... onward (van Rullen et al. 1998). Consistent with this idea, many V1 neurons are tuned to orientation during their initial visual response (Celebrini et al. 1993). The initial neuronal responses in higher visual areas are also selective for complex shapes (Oram & Perrett 1992, 1994; Sugase et al. 199 ...
morphometric parameters of the structures of the medulla oblongata
... nucleus – on the 13th week of gestation [7, 13]. Therefore, the arrangement of the motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata in fetuses of 17-18 weeks is the same to the one in adult and the motor nuclei is presented by differentiated neurons, which also confirmed by our research. Significantly differen ...
... nucleus – on the 13th week of gestation [7, 13]. Therefore, the arrangement of the motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata in fetuses of 17-18 weeks is the same to the one in adult and the motor nuclei is presented by differentiated neurons, which also confirmed by our research. Significantly differen ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... increase the synaptic availability of DA/NE to presynaptic autoreceptors that followed by decrease in the release of DA and NE. The increase of NE in the LC nucleus by bupropion can reduces the firing rates of LC-NE neurons, dose dependently (Ascher et al. 1995). The VTA-DA neurons increase the DA s ...
... increase the synaptic availability of DA/NE to presynaptic autoreceptors that followed by decrease in the release of DA and NE. The increase of NE in the LC nucleus by bupropion can reduces the firing rates of LC-NE neurons, dose dependently (Ascher et al. 1995). The VTA-DA neurons increase the DA s ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... stimuli over which the cell’s responsiveness is modulated (i.e., it can change tuning curve slope) (see also Bair and Movshon 2004; Dean et al. 2005; Nagel and Doupe 2006). A related approach was used by Sharpee et al. (2006), who showed that neural filters in cat V1 differ during and after exposure ...
... stimuli over which the cell’s responsiveness is modulated (i.e., it can change tuning curve slope) (see also Bair and Movshon 2004; Dean et al. 2005; Nagel and Doupe 2006). A related approach was used by Sharpee et al. (2006), who showed that neural filters in cat V1 differ during and after exposure ...
SHORT COMMUNICATION Localization of a vocal pattern generator
... example for a significant correlation between call duration and the duration of neuronal activity is shown as a scatterplot in Fig. 2E. Neurons showing a syllable-correlated activity could be easily distinguished from neurons having no correlated activity by their clear correlation between syllable r ...
... example for a significant correlation between call duration and the duration of neuronal activity is shown as a scatterplot in Fig. 2E. Neurons showing a syllable-correlated activity could be easily distinguished from neurons having no correlated activity by their clear correlation between syllable r ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... Verkuyl, J. M. and M. Joëls. Effect of adrenalectomy on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neurophysiol 89: 237–245, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00401.2002. Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been d ...
... Verkuyl, J. M. and M. Joëls. Effect of adrenalectomy on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neurophysiol 89: 237–245, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00401.2002. Within the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus two types of neurons have been d ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). The background level has been estimated by calculating the density of silver grains in extracellular space and in all cases was inferio ...
... 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). The background level has been estimated by calculating the density of silver grains in extracellular space and in all cases was inferio ...
Functional Neuronal Processing of Body Odors
... conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotions are held within body odors (Chen and Haviland-Jones 1 ...
... conveyed in body odor to make accurate kin--nonkin judgments (Weisfeld et al. 2003) and to detect minute differences in genetic composition of unknown individuals (Jacob et al. 2002). It has even been suggested that signals communicating emotions are held within body odors (Chen and Haviland-Jones 1 ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... spatial context in which emotional learning occurs. A ¢nal set of inputs comes from different parts of the prefrontal cortex (Rolls, 1995; Fuster, 1997). It is not obvious that these areas should be considered sensory since prefrontal cortex is involved in both sensory and motor functions (Fuster, 1 ...
... spatial context in which emotional learning occurs. A ¢nal set of inputs comes from different parts of the prefrontal cortex (Rolls, 1995; Fuster, 1997). It is not obvious that these areas should be considered sensory since prefrontal cortex is involved in both sensory and motor functions (Fuster, 1 ...
THE RETINA
... noted and appear to include gap junctions , indicating the possibility of electronic interactions between these cells . The action of a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator , promoting excitation or inhibition , is both a parameter of the nature of the agent and of the membrane mechanisms determining ...
... noted and appear to include gap junctions , indicating the possibility of electronic interactions between these cells . The action of a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator , promoting excitation or inhibition , is both a parameter of the nature of the agent and of the membrane mechanisms determining ...
Investigating circadian rhythmicity in pain sensitivity using
... horn neuron and Aδ fibers [17], a wide-dynamic range projection neuron [1], and for the dorsal horn circuit between a projection, inhibitory, and excitatory neuron [38]. All these models were validated by showing that they are able to reproduce observed phenomena such as wind-up in the presence of n ...
... horn neuron and Aδ fibers [17], a wide-dynamic range projection neuron [1], and for the dorsal horn circuit between a projection, inhibitory, and excitatory neuron [38]. All these models were validated by showing that they are able to reproduce observed phenomena such as wind-up in the presence of n ...
Brain regions associated with moment-to
... a run (not including anchor trials, which were assigned to a predictor of no interest) and then using this to create a standard eventrelated stick-function for all incompatible trials; (2) scaling individual instances (i.e., the height of individual sticks) according to the frequency condition in wh ...
... a run (not including anchor trials, which were assigned to a predictor of no interest) and then using this to create a standard eventrelated stick-function for all incompatible trials; (2) scaling individual instances (i.e., the height of individual sticks) according to the frequency condition in wh ...
Asymmetry of the Neuroendocrine System
... receptors of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA types (19). At membrane potentials close to the neuron resting potential, postsynaptic responses seemed to be predominantly mediated by non-NMDA receptors. Focal stimulation of the ventral region of lamina II, which preferentially activates the i ...
... receptors of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA types (19). At membrane potentials close to the neuron resting potential, postsynaptic responses seemed to be predominantly mediated by non-NMDA receptors. Focal stimulation of the ventral region of lamina II, which preferentially activates the i ...
6 Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Muscles
... Important receptors in the lung and the upper respiratory tract provide afferent information to the respiratory centers. This information is used in normal ventilation as well as to initiate maneuvers such as sneezing and coughing that need to override the gas exchanging role of the ventilatory syst ...
... Important receptors in the lung and the upper respiratory tract provide afferent information to the respiratory centers. This information is used in normal ventilation as well as to initiate maneuvers such as sneezing and coughing that need to override the gas exchanging role of the ventilatory syst ...
p57 regulates radial glia and intermediate precursor
... specifically in layers 2-5. In conclusion, our observations suggest that p57KIP2 and p27KIP1 control neuronal output for distinct cortical layers by regulating different stages of precursor proliferation, and support a model in which IPCs contribute to both lower and upper layer neuron generation. ...
... specifically in layers 2-5. In conclusion, our observations suggest that p57KIP2 and p27KIP1 control neuronal output for distinct cortical layers by regulating different stages of precursor proliferation, and support a model in which IPCs contribute to both lower and upper layer neuron generation. ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... areas of the cortex and performs the highest level of cognitive processing. One cognitive system connects almost all higher cortical areas and the hippocampus (memory); another focuses on the prefrontal cortex or the area in front of the motor cortex. PTS: 1 ...
... areas of the cortex and performs the highest level of cognitive processing. One cognitive system connects almost all higher cortical areas and the hippocampus (memory); another focuses on the prefrontal cortex or the area in front of the motor cortex. PTS: 1 ...
High-Level Visual Processing: Cognitive Influences
... whereas for others it is the side view. Although some neurons respond preferentially to faces, others respond to facial expressions. It seems likely that such cells contribute directly to face recognition. Damage to a small region of the human temporal lobe results in an inability to recognize faces ...
... whereas for others it is the side view. Although some neurons respond preferentially to faces, others respond to facial expressions. It seems likely that such cells contribute directly to face recognition. Damage to a small region of the human temporal lobe results in an inability to recognize faces ...
The Teen Brain on Marijuana
... that is, how brain cells “learn” whether to grow new synapses and connections to other neurons. The more active neurons are, the stronger their connections get (neurons that fire together, wire together). The less active neurons are, the weaker their connections get, or the more they lose connection ...
... that is, how brain cells “learn” whether to grow new synapses and connections to other neurons. The more active neurons are, the stronger their connections get (neurons that fire together, wire together). The less active neurons are, the weaker their connections get, or the more they lose connection ...
Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network
... before the neuron with the larger input takes over, as the switching dynamics depends on the initial conditions of the network. If the rate is regular, the information about the strongest input is already contained in one interspike interval. If Vth /2 < VE < Vth and Vth /2 < Vsel f < Vth are chosen ...
... before the neuron with the larger input takes over, as the switching dynamics depends on the initial conditions of the network. If the rate is regular, the information about the strongest input is already contained in one interspike interval. If Vth /2 < VE < Vth and Vth /2 < Vsel f < Vth are chosen ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.