University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular encoded taste quality. The across-fiber pattern (AFP) model proposes that individua ...
... thalamus and cortex. This model assumes that individual gustatory fibers are more or less narrowly tuned to one of the primary taste qualities and that the function of any one neuron would be to signal its particular encoded taste quality. The across-fiber pattern (AFP) model proposes that individua ...
07. Pons Internal Features 0102010-10-01 05:141.9
... • Most of the fibers cross in the midline. The decussating fibers constitute the trapezoid body which intersects the medial lemnisci and then turn rostrally in the lateral part of the tegmentum to form the lateral lemniscus • Some fibers ascend ipsilaterally to join the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus ...
... • Most of the fibers cross in the midline. The decussating fibers constitute the trapezoid body which intersects the medial lemnisci and then turn rostrally in the lateral part of the tegmentum to form the lateral lemniscus • Some fibers ascend ipsilaterally to join the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus ...
The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison
... The olfactory sensory neurons of the peripheral olfactory system arise from the olfactory placode and extend axons to merge with the evaginating telencephalon to form the olfactory bulb. During the embryological process of neurulation, a population of cells known as neural crest cells arise [14]; wh ...
... The olfactory sensory neurons of the peripheral olfactory system arise from the olfactory placode and extend axons to merge with the evaginating telencephalon to form the olfactory bulb. During the embryological process of neurulation, a population of cells known as neural crest cells arise [14]; wh ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
CHAPTER 49
... • At end of auditory canal - tympanic membrane (eardrum) of middle ear. • Vibrates at same frequency as incoming sound. • 3 bones - mallus, incus, stapes amplify stimulus and transmit it through oval window to fluid-filled inner ear. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. ...
... • At end of auditory canal - tympanic membrane (eardrum) of middle ear. • Vibrates at same frequency as incoming sound. • 3 bones - mallus, incus, stapes amplify stimulus and transmit it through oval window to fluid-filled inner ear. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. ...
From sensorimotor learning to memory cells in prefrontal and
... several seconds (delayed matching to sample task), some neurons fire at an enhanced level throughout the delay (Fig. 1, Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001; Fuster, 1995; Fuster & Alexander, 1971; Kojima & Goldman-Rakic, 1982; Romanski & Goldman-Rakic, 2002). Intriguingly, the persisten ...
... several seconds (delayed matching to sample task), some neurons fire at an enhanced level throughout the delay (Fig. 1, Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001; Fuster, 1995; Fuster & Alexander, 1971; Kojima & Goldman-Rakic, 1982; Romanski & Goldman-Rakic, 2002). Intriguingly, the persisten ...
Visual Response Properties in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate
... may be unaffected. The present study aims to determine whether abnormal functional organization in the dLGN is associated with any effects on the response properties of individual neurons within the nucleus. Of course, alterations in visual response characteristics in the 2⫺/⫺ dLGN need not directl ...
... may be unaffected. The present study aims to determine whether abnormal functional organization in the dLGN is associated with any effects on the response properties of individual neurons within the nucleus. Of course, alterations in visual response characteristics in the 2⫺/⫺ dLGN need not directl ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... 16-2 The Sympathetic Division • Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division • Ventral roots of spinal segments T1–L2 contain sympathetic preganglionic fibers • Carry myelinated preganglionic fibers into sympathetic chain ganglion • May synapse at collateral ganglia or in adrenal ...
... 16-2 The Sympathetic Division • Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division • Ventral roots of spinal segments T1–L2 contain sympathetic preganglionic fibers • Carry myelinated preganglionic fibers into sympathetic chain ganglion • May synapse at collateral ganglia or in adrenal ...
Chadha_umd_0117E_15128 - DRUM
... be explored, the ability of flying animals (specifically insects) to sense airflow as a feedback mechanism for flight control has been investigated for over half a century. Research on the morphology and physiology of airflow sensors, and processing of responses by the nervous system provide valuabl ...
... be explored, the ability of flying animals (specifically insects) to sense airflow as a feedback mechanism for flight control has been investigated for over half a century. Research on the morphology and physiology of airflow sensors, and processing of responses by the nervous system provide valuabl ...
Sliding
... the NMDAR by reducing the Mg block post then pre-> LTD: several hypothesis 1) Ca entry during the AP. Ca is not fully removed by the time synapses are activated and help to bring [Ca]i to the LTD threshold 2) Ca entry during the AP desensitizes the NMDAR so it does no reach the threshold for LTP. (c ...
... the NMDAR by reducing the Mg block post then pre-> LTD: several hypothesis 1) Ca entry during the AP. Ca is not fully removed by the time synapses are activated and help to bring [Ca]i to the LTD threshold 2) Ca entry during the AP desensitizes the NMDAR so it does no reach the threshold for LTP. (c ...
Hasson-JNeurosci2008.. - Center for Neural Science
... (1924); City Lights (1931)]. Using silent films allowed us to drive activity simultaneously in many brain areas while side-stepping potential complications associated with temporal scrambling of an audio track and speech. The three clips were on average 3.39 min in duration (total duration was 12 mi ...
... (1924); City Lights (1931)]. Using silent films allowed us to drive activity simultaneously in many brain areas while side-stepping potential complications associated with temporal scrambling of an audio track and speech. The three clips were on average 3.39 min in duration (total duration was 12 mi ...
The hippocampal–striatal axis in learning, prediction and
... association between an organism’s state or action and its outcome is cached (i.e. stored, captured) in a scalar signal summarizing its long-term value, without specifying the nature or features of the outcome. This class contrasts with model-based approaches, in which state or action associations wi ...
... association between an organism’s state or action and its outcome is cached (i.e. stored, captured) in a scalar signal summarizing its long-term value, without specifying the nature or features of the outcome. This class contrasts with model-based approaches, in which state or action associations wi ...
The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of
... [28]. These authors suggest that 6-OHDA induced cell death through activating PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibiting JNK pathway. On this basis, it was suggested that inhibitors that block the association of JNKs within the mitochondria might be useful neuroprotective agents for the treatment of PD [27], a ...
... [28]. These authors suggest that 6-OHDA induced cell death through activating PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibiting JNK pathway. On this basis, it was suggested that inhibitors that block the association of JNKs within the mitochondria might be useful neuroprotective agents for the treatment of PD [27], a ...
tracts - Anatomický ústav 1. LF UK
... Quickly adapted receptor - produces signals on beginning and on the end of irritation. Slowly adapted receptor produces signals through full irritation time (in fact it is a ...
... Quickly adapted receptor - produces signals on beginning and on the end of irritation. Slowly adapted receptor produces signals through full irritation time (in fact it is a ...
Cinnabarinic Acid, an Endogenous Metabolite of the Kynurenine
... ABSTRACT Cinnabarinic acid is an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway that meets the structural requirements to interact with glutamate receptors. We found that cinnabarinic acid acts as a partial agonist of type 4 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu4) receptors, with no activity at other mGlu r ...
... ABSTRACT Cinnabarinic acid is an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway that meets the structural requirements to interact with glutamate receptors. We found that cinnabarinic acid acts as a partial agonist of type 4 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu4) receptors, with no activity at other mGlu r ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... Volen Center for Complex Systems and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110 ...
... Volen Center for Complex Systems and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110 ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under different contexts. This specialized neuronal architecture functions as a remarkable le ...
... conveyed by CFs to the molecular layer (Fig. 32.4), PCs learn to detect specific patterns in their state vectors. This allows the PCs to classify the many patterns of state that occur at different times and under different contexts. This specialized neuronal architecture functions as a remarkable le ...
Physiology Ch 79 p 955-971 [4-25
... Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Ca and PO4 metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, Teeth Overview of Ca and PO4 regulation in extracellular fluid and plasma – Ca regulates contraction of all muscles, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses -hypercalcemia causes depression of CNS, hypocalcemia causes ov ...
... Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Ca and PO4 metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, Teeth Overview of Ca and PO4 regulation in extracellular fluid and plasma – Ca regulates contraction of all muscles, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses -hypercalcemia causes depression of CNS, hypocalcemia causes ov ...
Wind Direction Coding in the Cockroach Escape Response: Winner
... measurements somewhat underestimated the movements of the CF joints of the front legs, because these front legs are held at an angle oblique to the view of the camera. We transformed these data into a single parameter that could describe turn direction. For this, we combined the data from all six le ...
... measurements somewhat underestimated the movements of the CF joints of the front legs, because these front legs are held at an angle oblique to the view of the camera. We transformed these data into a single parameter that could describe turn direction. For this, we combined the data from all six le ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
PDF
... distinguish this result from fate changes of a purely pathological nature, the term “transfating” was introduced to describe instances in which a cell is experimentally induced to assume the fate of a different cell. These findings were explained by assuming that (i) o/p blast cells are initially ca ...
... distinguish this result from fate changes of a purely pathological nature, the term “transfating” was introduced to describe instances in which a cell is experimentally induced to assume the fate of a different cell. These findings were explained by assuming that (i) o/p blast cells are initially ca ...
3-Morpholinylsydnonimine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in
... produced a significant increase in the amplitude of EPSCs by 25.6 ⫾ 3.9% (n ⫽ 4, p ⬍ 0.05, paired Student’s t test), as reported previously (Huang et al., 2003). It is intriguing that the effect of SIN-1 at a higher dose on EPSC amplitude was drastically different. Applied at 1 mM, SIN-1 consistentl ...
... produced a significant increase in the amplitude of EPSCs by 25.6 ⫾ 3.9% (n ⫽ 4, p ⬍ 0.05, paired Student’s t test), as reported previously (Huang et al., 2003). It is intriguing that the effect of SIN-1 at a higher dose on EPSC amplitude was drastically different. Applied at 1 mM, SIN-1 consistentl ...
2. Physiology_Respiratory_System
... expiration produced steady lung inflation, and the Hering - Breur deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of the lung ♦ Because the rapidly adapting receptors are stimulated by chemicals such as histamine, they have been called irritant receptors 406 ...
... expiration produced steady lung inflation, and the Hering - Breur deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of the lung ♦ Because the rapidly adapting receptors are stimulated by chemicals such as histamine, they have been called irritant receptors 406 ...
Optimal decision making theories - Bristol CS
... mean firing rate. Note however that the judge cannot measure the mean firing rate instantaneously, as the spikes are discrete events spread out in time. Thus the judge needs to observe the MT activity for a period of time, and integrate the evidence or “count the votes” until it reaches a certain le ...
... mean firing rate. Note however that the judge cannot measure the mean firing rate instantaneously, as the spikes are discrete events spread out in time. Thus the judge needs to observe the MT activity for a period of time, and integrate the evidence or “count the votes” until it reaches a certain le ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.