Temporal delays among place cells determine the frequency of
... A ¼ e − ðπcL=ð3 2Þf0 Þ (Eq. 6 and Eq. S1) and goes to zero for infinitely large place fields (corresponding to large L), with fixed single cell oscillation frequency f0 and compression factor c, because the phase-shifted oscillators average each other out. Furthermore, the phase shift between the oscil ...
... A ¼ e − ðπcL=ð3 2Þf0 Þ (Eq. 6 and Eq. S1) and goes to zero for infinitely large place fields (corresponding to large L), with fixed single cell oscillation frequency f0 and compression factor c, because the phase-shifted oscillators average each other out. Furthermore, the phase shift between the oscil ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... information. In this case the terminal cells (nodes) point to the other trees. This encoding method can produce complex phenotypic networks from a compact genotype. Gruau called this method ”automatic definition of neural sub networks (ADNS)” [Gruau, 1994]. Karl Sims used a graph based GP approach t ...
... information. In this case the terminal cells (nodes) point to the other trees. This encoding method can produce complex phenotypic networks from a compact genotype. Gruau called this method ”automatic definition of neural sub networks (ADNS)” [Gruau, 1994]. Karl Sims used a graph based GP approach t ...
Seventeen
... becomes unnoticed. A physiological mechanism that allows the receptors to recover is a cyclic alternation of mucosal blood flow in the left and right sides of the nose. At any instant, the side with the higher flow of blood presents greater resistance to the flow of air because of swelling of the mu ...
... becomes unnoticed. A physiological mechanism that allows the receptors to recover is a cyclic alternation of mucosal blood flow in the left and right sides of the nose. At any instant, the side with the higher flow of blood presents greater resistance to the flow of air because of swelling of the mu ...
Deficient Fear Conditioning in Psychopathy
... in a small plastic tube and moved by air pressure. A pneumatic device (Dokoh-Pneu, Erlangen, Germany) was used to adjust the pressure applied on the mechanical stimulator with pressure velocities ranging from 2 to 20 m/s. The apparatus was placed outside the scanner, and a flexible tube was connecte ...
... in a small plastic tube and moved by air pressure. A pneumatic device (Dokoh-Pneu, Erlangen, Germany) was used to adjust the pressure applied on the mechanical stimulator with pressure velocities ranging from 2 to 20 m/s. The apparatus was placed outside the scanner, and a flexible tube was connecte ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... its neural substrates in humans and other animals. In this view, the nervous system of any animal comprises a suite of morphological and behavioural adaptations for solving specific information processing problems posed by the physical or social environment. Since the allocation of behaviour often r ...
... its neural substrates in humans and other animals. In this view, the nervous system of any animal comprises a suite of morphological and behavioural adaptations for solving specific information processing problems posed by the physical or social environment. Since the allocation of behaviour often r ...
This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of
... presented with a series of letters on a screen. For every letter, they might be asked to press the same key as quickly as possible, unless they see the letter X, for which they must withhold their response. The percentage of no-go trials successfully withheld is a metric of inhibitory control abilit ...
... presented with a series of letters on a screen. For every letter, they might be asked to press the same key as quickly as possible, unless they see the letter X, for which they must withhold their response. The percentage of no-go trials successfully withheld is a metric of inhibitory control abilit ...
Primate Globus Pallidus and Subthalamic Nucleus: Functional
... of interest and attempted to reach for and retrieve small pieces of fruit. The animals were conditioned to permit passive examination as individual joints were palpated and the limbs rotated throughout the joint’s physiological range. Neuronal responses to muscle and tendon taps, light touch of the ...
... of interest and attempted to reach for and retrieve small pieces of fruit. The animals were conditioned to permit passive examination as individual joints were palpated and the limbs rotated throughout the joint’s physiological range. Neuronal responses to muscle and tendon taps, light touch of the ...
Drug-activation of brain reward pathways
... nicotinic blockade does not alter the effectiveness of rewarding MFB stimulation in non-drugged animals. An attractive but unproven and counter-intuitive alternative to the Yeomans hypothesis is that the first-stage cholinergic contribution to MFB self-stimulation involves the rostrally projecting c ...
... nicotinic blockade does not alter the effectiveness of rewarding MFB stimulation in non-drugged animals. An attractive but unproven and counter-intuitive alternative to the Yeomans hypothesis is that the first-stage cholinergic contribution to MFB self-stimulation involves the rostrally projecting c ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... Off-line analysis was performed using LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX) and IDL (Research Systems, Boulder, CO). Oscillatory response modulation and synchronization were analyzed by computing and averaging auto- and cross-correlograms for all trials per condition and recording site with a b ...
... Off-line analysis was performed using LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX) and IDL (Research Systems, Boulder, CO). Oscillatory response modulation and synchronization were analyzed by computing and averaging auto- and cross-correlograms for all trials per condition and recording site with a b ...
Cicc4e_02-FINAL_PPT
... found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals – neurotransmitter: chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell ...
... found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals – neurotransmitter: chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell ...
1. An introductions to clinical neurology: path physiology, diagnosis
... This is the largest and most characteristic cell of the cerebellum. A Nissl stain will show only a pear-shaped cell body B4 filled with large Nissl bodies or granules. The large number of Purkinje cells found without Nissl granules are in a particular functional state (p. 14). Two or three dendrites ...
... This is the largest and most characteristic cell of the cerebellum. A Nissl stain will show only a pear-shaped cell body B4 filled with large Nissl bodies or granules. The large number of Purkinje cells found without Nissl granules are in a particular functional state (p. 14). Two or three dendrites ...
Preview from Notesale.co.uk Page 10 of 12
... Muscle Tissue and Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue has nerves which contain neurons; while music tissue contains myocytes which are completely different from neurons. The organisation of nervous tissue is different from muscle tissue; since muscle tissue is organised by fibres which are encased in con ...
... Muscle Tissue and Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue has nerves which contain neurons; while music tissue contains myocytes which are completely different from neurons. The organisation of nervous tissue is different from muscle tissue; since muscle tissue is organised by fibres which are encased in con ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
... explains why even neurons that are not part of the same local network should have a common crossing time. But first, we examine the data for evidence of this one-dimensional dynamics. Figure 2. Concept of One-Dimensional Dynamics An example of firing-rate space for N = 2 neurons. Visual (V), delay ( ...
A Beginner`s Guide to the Mathematics of Neural Networks
... membrane potential and ring state). Right: close-up of a typical synapse. decrease. In the rst case the arriving signal will increase the probability of the receiving neuron to start ring itself, therefore such a synapse is called excitatory. In the second case the arriving signal will decrease t ...
... membrane potential and ring state). Right: close-up of a typical synapse. decrease. In the rst case the arriving signal will increase the probability of the receiving neuron to start ring itself, therefore such a synapse is called excitatory. In the second case the arriving signal will decrease t ...
doc PHGY311
... Hormones can signal the hypothalamus to either inhibit or stimulate hypophysiotropic hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For ...
... Hormones can signal the hypothalamus to either inhibit or stimulate hypophysiotropic hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For ...
Vision`s First Steps: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception in the
... In primates, the LGN contains six layers of cell bodies that can be classified in two groups according to their histological characteristics: the two bottom layers (ventral) contain large cell bodies and are called magnocellular layers; cells in the four upper layers (dorsal) are smaller and are cal ...
... In primates, the LGN contains six layers of cell bodies that can be classified in two groups according to their histological characteristics: the two bottom layers (ventral) contain large cell bodies and are called magnocellular layers; cells in the four upper layers (dorsal) are smaller and are cal ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chronically active emphin vivo due to spontaneous activity in the auditory brainstem. Here we test synaptic responses to complex stimulation protocols mimicking periods of low and high activity, as well as protocols derived from natural sound clips. Additional ...
... Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chronically active emphin vivo due to spontaneous activity in the auditory brainstem. Here we test synaptic responses to complex stimulation protocols mimicking periods of low and high activity, as well as protocols derived from natural sound clips. Additional ...
Psychological and Neuroscientific Connections with Reinforcement
... acquired with repeated pairings of the CS and the US (the acquisition phase of an experiment), the US is often referred to as a reinforcer. The strength of the CR, often measured by how quickly the NM closes or the likelihood that it closes before the US, is a measure of the predictive strength of t ...
... acquired with repeated pairings of the CS and the US (the acquisition phase of an experiment), the US is often referred to as a reinforcer. The strength of the CR, often measured by how quickly the NM closes or the likelihood that it closes before the US, is a measure of the predictive strength of t ...
Nervous System
... The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic
... The peripheral targets of the sacral VM neurons are located in the pelvic plexus —which, in some species, such as the mouse, is condensed into a bona fide ganglion — and are considered, by definition, parasympathetic 15. Since a proportion of pelvic ganglionic neurons receive input from upper lumba ...
... The peripheral targets of the sacral VM neurons are located in the pelvic plexus —which, in some species, such as the mouse, is condensed into a bona fide ganglion — and are considered, by definition, parasympathetic 15. Since a proportion of pelvic ganglionic neurons receive input from upper lumba ...
Neural Correlates of Learning in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Monkey
... In agreement with experimental data, two main types of activity contribute to the adaptive properties of the network. The first is transient activity time-locked to events of the task and its profile remains constant during successive training stages. The second is sustained activity that undergoes ...
... In agreement with experimental data, two main types of activity contribute to the adaptive properties of the network. The first is transient activity time-locked to events of the task and its profile remains constant during successive training stages. The second is sustained activity that undergoes ...
On the basis of animal function
... integrative physiology course. This info has been referred to in lectures and is presented here in computer simulations related to osmosis, diffusion, metabolism, ...
... integrative physiology course. This info has been referred to in lectures and is presented here in computer simulations related to osmosis, diffusion, metabolism, ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... that CGp contributes to the integration of actions and their outcomes and thereby influences subsequent changes in behavior. To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer t ...
... that CGp contributes to the integration of actions and their outcomes and thereby influences subsequent changes in behavior. To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer t ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.