Original Article Female Rat Hippocampal Cell
... The present study demonstrates that CPP is able to affect the hippocampal cell density. The number of neurons decreased and that of astrocytes increased after CPP. In our previous study we showed that the number of astrocytes increases after CPP in male Wistar rats (Shaabani et al., 2011) and in the ...
... The present study demonstrates that CPP is able to affect the hippocampal cell density. The number of neurons decreased and that of astrocytes increased after CPP. In our previous study we showed that the number of astrocytes increases after CPP in male Wistar rats (Shaabani et al., 2011) and in the ...
physiology of pain – general mechanisms and individual differences
... nerve endings that leads to pain, edema and an increase in local temperature. Pain starts to be perceived at a pH of 6.2 and reaches a maximum at 3.2. The TRANSMISSION STAGE involves the following: peripheral receptors, nervous tracts, spinal mechanisms, ascending and descending pathways, the brains ...
... nerve endings that leads to pain, edema and an increase in local temperature. Pain starts to be perceived at a pH of 6.2 and reaches a maximum at 3.2. The TRANSMISSION STAGE involves the following: peripheral receptors, nervous tracts, spinal mechanisms, ascending and descending pathways, the brains ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
... b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
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... of GMC development, despite the asymmetric localization of numb protein into each newborn GMC. Perhaps in neuroblast lineages there are other proteins that provide a similar function in the absence of numb. This redundancy may not be present in the unique MP2 lineage, perhaps due to its unusual divi ...
... of GMC development, despite the asymmetric localization of numb protein into each newborn GMC. Perhaps in neuroblast lineages there are other proteins that provide a similar function in the absence of numb. This redundancy may not be present in the unique MP2 lineage, perhaps due to its unusual divi ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
... b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... same neuron (Joksovic et al. 2005a; Talley et al. 1999). These include CaV3.1 (Perez-Reyes et al. 1998) and CaV3.2 (Cribbs et al. 1998) channels—which carry the classical fast inactivating T-type current (Carbone and Lux 1984; Fox et al. 1987; Kostyuk et al. 1988)—and the CaV3.3 channels (Lee et al. ...
... same neuron (Joksovic et al. 2005a; Talley et al. 1999). These include CaV3.1 (Perez-Reyes et al. 1998) and CaV3.2 (Cribbs et al. 1998) channels—which carry the classical fast inactivating T-type current (Carbone and Lux 1984; Fox et al. 1987; Kostyuk et al. 1988)—and the CaV3.3 channels (Lee et al. ...
Morphological Changes in the Hippocampus Following Nicotine and
... the influence of intraperitoneal administration of nicotine (NIC), kainic acid (KA) and combination of both these substances on hippocampal neurons and their changes. In experiments, 35-day-old male rats of the Wistar strain were used. Animals were pretreated with 1 mg/kg of nicotine 30 min prior to ...
... the influence of intraperitoneal administration of nicotine (NIC), kainic acid (KA) and combination of both these substances on hippocampal neurons and their changes. In experiments, 35-day-old male rats of the Wistar strain were used. Animals were pretreated with 1 mg/kg of nicotine 30 min prior to ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... Temperature sensation has a strong impact on animal behavior and is necessary for animals to avoid exposure to harmful temperatures. It is now well known that thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels in thermosensory neurons detect a variable range of temperature stimuli. However, little is ...
... Temperature sensation has a strong impact on animal behavior and is necessary for animals to avoid exposure to harmful temperatures. It is now well known that thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels in thermosensory neurons detect a variable range of temperature stimuli. However, little is ...
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... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... Neurons in the hippocampus and the adjacent regions exhibit a broad variety of spatial activation patterns that are tuned to position, head direction or both. Common observations in these spatial dimensions are localized, bell shaped tuning curves [1, 2], periodically repeating activity [3, 4] and i ...
... Neurons in the hippocampus and the adjacent regions exhibit a broad variety of spatial activation patterns that are tuned to position, head direction or both. Common observations in these spatial dimensions are localized, bell shaped tuning curves [1, 2], periodically repeating activity [3, 4] and i ...
A Pain in the Ear: The Radiology of Otalgia
... through the upper neck and skull base. Sympathetic fibers join Jacobson’s nerve in the tympanic plexus of the middle ear (7). It is not clear whether and how these autonomic fibers transmit pain (9). Pathways Mediating Referred Otalgia Trigeminal Nerve.—Diseases of the mouth and face are the most fr ...
... through the upper neck and skull base. Sympathetic fibers join Jacobson’s nerve in the tympanic plexus of the middle ear (7). It is not clear whether and how these autonomic fibers transmit pain (9). Pathways Mediating Referred Otalgia Trigeminal Nerve.—Diseases of the mouth and face are the most fr ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... In many studies, in which only one movement parameter was precued, substantial proportions of neurons were found in various cortical (and sub-cortical) areas that changed their activity when prior information about direction was provided (cf 1,20,21, for reviews). In order to compare preparatory neu ...
... In many studies, in which only one movement parameter was precued, substantial proportions of neurons were found in various cortical (and sub-cortical) areas that changed their activity when prior information about direction was provided (cf 1,20,21, for reviews). In order to compare preparatory neu ...
Hippocampus – Why is it studied so frequently?
... layer, contains small granule cells with axons which form the mossy fiber pathway in the overlaying molecular layer. The granule cell is the only cell type that gives axons to innervate the CA3 region of the hippocampus proprius. The contact of the dentate mossy fibers with the spines of pyramidal c ...
... layer, contains small granule cells with axons which form the mossy fiber pathway in the overlaying molecular layer. The granule cell is the only cell type that gives axons to innervate the CA3 region of the hippocampus proprius. The contact of the dentate mossy fibers with the spines of pyramidal c ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... Staining of afferents and interneurons The heads and legs were removed from cold-anaesthetised animals, which were immobilised ventral surface uppermost in insect wax. A drop of insect saline confined by petroleum jelly was placed on the animal to prevent desiccation. A thin-walled microelectrode wa ...
... Staining of afferents and interneurons The heads and legs were removed from cold-anaesthetised animals, which were immobilised ventral surface uppermost in insect wax. A drop of insect saline confined by petroleum jelly was placed on the animal to prevent desiccation. A thin-walled microelectrode wa ...
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... (11), and blood glucose (12), this arrangement enables rapid and forceful responses that promote homeostasis. How do these anabolic and catabolic pathways sense changes in energy balance? Current evidence supports a key role for leptin and insulin, hormones that circulate at concentrations proportio ...
... (11), and blood glucose (12), this arrangement enables rapid and forceful responses that promote homeostasis. How do these anabolic and catabolic pathways sense changes in energy balance? Current evidence supports a key role for leptin and insulin, hormones that circulate at concentrations proportio ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynaptic nAChRs function as frequency-dependent regulators of dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008). Although dopamine release probability after a single action potential is quite high, further release by subsequent action potentials in ...
... and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynaptic nAChRs function as frequency-dependent regulators of dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008). Although dopamine release probability after a single action potential is quite high, further release by subsequent action potentials in ...
Neuron-Binding Human Monoclonal Antibodies Support Central
... CNS tissue and to the surface of neurons in culture. Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) overrode the inhibitory effect of CNS mouse myelin on granule cell neurite extension. Neither mAb bound to the surface of mature oligodendrocytes or strictly colocalized with myelin proteins. Sialidase treatment e ...
... CNS tissue and to the surface of neurons in culture. Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) overrode the inhibitory effect of CNS mouse myelin on granule cell neurite extension. Neither mAb bound to the surface of mature oligodendrocytes or strictly colocalized with myelin proteins. Sialidase treatment e ...
Recognition by Variance: Learning Rules for Spatiotemporal Patterns
... larger output when presented with it, compared to when presented with a typical background pattern. The model therefore reduces the high dimensional input to a one dimensional output. We emphasize that in the task that we consider in this paper, the selected group of learned patterns is to be distin ...
... larger output when presented with it, compared to when presented with a typical background pattern. The model therefore reduces the high dimensional input to a one dimensional output. We emphasize that in the task that we consider in this paper, the selected group of learned patterns is to be distin ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
... seems that the overlap of innervation between segments (also found in petromyzonts, see Peters & Mackay, 1961), reflected in the absence of strict segmentation in the motoneurons of the cord, must imply that the animal is unable to contract the muscles of one segment at a time; stimulation of one ve ...
... seems that the overlap of innervation between segments (also found in petromyzonts, see Peters & Mackay, 1961), reflected in the absence of strict segmentation in the motoneurons of the cord, must imply that the animal is unable to contract the muscles of one segment at a time; stimulation of one ve ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... Department of Physiology and the Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Abstract: Orexin-A-like immunoreactive (OrA-ir) neurons and terminals in the cat hypothalamus were examined using immunohistochemical techniques. OrA-ir neurons were found principally in th ...
... Department of Physiology and the Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Abstract: Orexin-A-like immunoreactive (OrA-ir) neurons and terminals in the cat hypothalamus were examined using immunohistochemical techniques. OrA-ir neurons were found principally in th ...
Control of neuronal cell fate and number by
... During nervous system development, progenitor cells often divide asymmetrically, renewing themselves and budding off daughter cells that typically have a more limited mitotic potential. The daughter cell may in turn display three alternative behaviors: directly differentiating into a neuron or glia; ...
... During nervous system development, progenitor cells often divide asymmetrically, renewing themselves and budding off daughter cells that typically have a more limited mitotic potential. The daughter cell may in turn display three alternative behaviors: directly differentiating into a neuron or glia; ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... First published December 2, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.00363.2009. Two broad hypotheses have been advanced to explain the clinical efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. One is that stimulation inactivates STN neurons, producing a fu ...
... First published December 2, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.00363.2009. Two broad hypotheses have been advanced to explain the clinical efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. One is that stimulation inactivates STN neurons, producing a fu ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... large-amplitude (15-20o) saccades, and the ventrolateral portion (in the inferior limb of the AS) ...
... large-amplitude (15-20o) saccades, and the ventrolateral portion (in the inferior limb of the AS) ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.