Objectives 35 - U
... - major direct circuit through basal ganglia involves a loop that starts in large areas of the cerebral cortex projects to striatum projects to globus pallidus output travels through lenticular fasciculus and ansa lenticularis to thalamus projection back to cerebral cortex - the above pathwa ...
... - major direct circuit through basal ganglia involves a loop that starts in large areas of the cerebral cortex projects to striatum projects to globus pallidus output travels through lenticular fasciculus and ansa lenticularis to thalamus projection back to cerebral cortex - the above pathwa ...
Computational principles underlying recognition
... Most auditory receptor neurons are tuned to the calling song frequency, while only few sensory neurons cover the ultrasonic range for bat detection (Imaizumi and Pollack 2005). The receptor neurons project to a central auditory neuropile within the prothoracic ganglion from which several interneuron ...
... Most auditory receptor neurons are tuned to the calling song frequency, while only few sensory neurons cover the ultrasonic range for bat detection (Imaizumi and Pollack 2005). The receptor neurons project to a central auditory neuropile within the prothoracic ganglion from which several interneuron ...
The Thalamic Projections of the Spinothalamic Tract
... and that they reached different thalamic domains including lateral, posterior, and intralaminar nuclei [e.g., 1,3,8]. Gingold and coworkers [35] studied terminal STT-like structures in the thalamus of squirrel monkeys after spinal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP). T ...
... and that they reached different thalamic domains including lateral, posterior, and intralaminar nuclei [e.g., 1,3,8]. Gingold and coworkers [35] studied terminal STT-like structures in the thalamus of squirrel monkeys after spinal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP). T ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... away? The aim of the present study is to investigate the neural basis of intention understanding in this sense and, more specifically, the role played by the human mirror neuron system in this type of intention understanding. The term ‘‘intention’’ will be always used in this specific sense, to indica ...
... away? The aim of the present study is to investigate the neural basis of intention understanding in this sense and, more specifically, the role played by the human mirror neuron system in this type of intention understanding. The term ‘‘intention’’ will be always used in this specific sense, to indica ...
Respiratory and Renal Review
... • The intrapleural space is filled with liquid (2-10mL) ! two appositional pleura can move with respect to one another. ...
... • The intrapleural space is filled with liquid (2-10mL) ! two appositional pleura can move with respect to one another. ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... Understanding auditory processing in terms of the neural circuits in the brain depends on working out the roles of the multiple parallel pathways of the brainstem auditory system. An excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consist ...
... Understanding auditory processing in terms of the neural circuits in the brain depends on working out the roles of the multiple parallel pathways of the brainstem auditory system. An excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consist ...
Laminar differences in plasticity in area 17 following retinal lesions
... eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were produced with an argon-green laser focused to 300 mm, at an intensity o ...
... eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were produced with an argon-green laser focused to 300 mm, at an intensity o ...
Biological Foundations of Behavior
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... 1997) (J. L. Benton and B. S. Beltz, unpublished observations). These effects were found to be specific to those neuropil areas that normally receive serotonergic innervation (Benton et al., 1997). In the lobster, primary sensory neurons from the olfactory organs (first antennae) terminate in the de ...
... 1997) (J. L. Benton and B. S. Beltz, unpublished observations). These effects were found to be specific to those neuropil areas that normally receive serotonergic innervation (Benton et al., 1997). In the lobster, primary sensory neurons from the olfactory organs (first antennae) terminate in the de ...
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
... – Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center – Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... of absence seizures remain unknown. The GABAergic projections from substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) to thalamocortical neurons of the ventral medial (VM) thalamic nucleus provide a potent network for the control of absence seizures by basal ganglia. The present in vivo study provides the first ...
... of absence seizures remain unknown. The GABAergic projections from substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) to thalamocortical neurons of the ventral medial (VM) thalamic nucleus provide a potent network for the control of absence seizures by basal ganglia. The present in vivo study provides the first ...
Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits
... this computational perspective. The focus will be on basic computations: (1) accumulation of evidence (what is the cellular basis of temporal accumulation of information?), (2) formation of a categorical choice (what is the termination rule for a deliberation process in neuronal terms?); (3) reward- ...
... this computational perspective. The focus will be on basic computations: (1) accumulation of evidence (what is the cellular basis of temporal accumulation of information?), (2) formation of a categorical choice (what is the termination rule for a deliberation process in neuronal terms?); (3) reward- ...
When the Sun Prickles Your Nose: An EEG Study Identifying
... Background: Exposure to bright light such as sunlight elicits a sneeze or prickling sensation in about one of every four individuals. This study presents the first scientific examination of this phenomenon, called ‘the photic sneeze reflex’. Methodology and Principal Findings: In the present experim ...
... Background: Exposure to bright light such as sunlight elicits a sneeze or prickling sensation in about one of every four individuals. This study presents the first scientific examination of this phenomenon, called ‘the photic sneeze reflex’. Methodology and Principal Findings: In the present experim ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bias is learned by modifying the synaptic connections from the neurons that represent each CS and the positive and negative value coding neur ...
... of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bias is learned by modifying the synaptic connections from the neurons that represent each CS and the positive and negative value coding neur ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C7000, Austin, TX 78712. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
... Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C7000, Austin, TX 78712. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
NEOCORTEX
... the neck varies greatly, from virtually nothing as in "stubby" spines, in which the head attaches directly to the dendritic shaft, to necks that are several micrometers long (Jones and Powell, 1969). At the high magnifrcations achieved with the electron microscope, spines can be distinguished from o ...
... the neck varies greatly, from virtually nothing as in "stubby" spines, in which the head attaches directly to the dendritic shaft, to necks that are several micrometers long (Jones and Powell, 1969). At the high magnifrcations achieved with the electron microscope, spines can be distinguished from o ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... recovery in rats. However, within the lateral PPT, which encompasses the cholinergic cells illustrated in the diagram and in the photomicrograph in Figure 1, these authors did not describe a significant difference in Fos ⫹ cholinergic neurons, which is in agreement with our present results. The phot ...
... recovery in rats. However, within the lateral PPT, which encompasses the cholinergic cells illustrated in the diagram and in the photomicrograph in Figure 1, these authors did not describe a significant difference in Fos ⫹ cholinergic neurons, which is in agreement with our present results. The phot ...
chapter 13 peripheral nervous system
... tension is mainAPs are fired. It is tained and it can unable to signal further still signal changes length changes. in length. ...
... tension is mainAPs are fired. It is tained and it can unable to signal further still signal changes length changes. in length. ...
Can the negative deflections found with EEG on frontocentral
... Electroencephalography (EEG) is an non-invasive method to measure brain activity in healthy subjects. By measuring the electric field on the subjects scalp, researchers are trying to identify different processes, brain states, brain oscillations or find markers of mental diseases. An event-related p ...
... Electroencephalography (EEG) is an non-invasive method to measure brain activity in healthy subjects. By measuring the electric field on the subjects scalp, researchers are trying to identify different processes, brain states, brain oscillations or find markers of mental diseases. An event-related p ...
Full Article - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
... from )50 to +20 ms surrounding target onset for the 650-ms CTOA (‘Pretarget Epoch’; light bars, Fig. 2). Figure 3A–C plots the differences in mean peak firing rates for the different epochs in the Valid and Invalid conditions. Pretarget analysis was not performed on data obtained at the 250-ms CTOA t ...
... from )50 to +20 ms surrounding target onset for the 650-ms CTOA (‘Pretarget Epoch’; light bars, Fig. 2). Figure 3A–C plots the differences in mean peak firing rates for the different epochs in the Valid and Invalid conditions. Pretarget analysis was not performed on data obtained at the 250-ms CTOA t ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... transition to be at the border between CeM dorsally and BL ventrally, consistent with the known projection sites of these nuclei. Effect of mPFC stimuli on the synaptic and antidromic responsiveness of CeM cells Although the CeM receives strong excitatory inputs from the insula (McDonald, 1998), it ...
... transition to be at the border between CeM dorsally and BL ventrally, consistent with the known projection sites of these nuclei. Effect of mPFC stimuli on the synaptic and antidromic responsiveness of CeM cells Although the CeM receives strong excitatory inputs from the insula (McDonald, 1998), it ...
3D Visual Response Properties of MSTd Emerge from an Efficient
... basis images that resemble facial features, such as eyes, mouths, and noses. When applied to neural networks, these non-negativity constraints correspond to the notion that neuronal firing rates are never negative and that synaptic weights are either excitatory or inhibitory, but they do not change ...
... basis images that resemble facial features, such as eyes, mouths, and noses. When applied to neural networks, these non-negativity constraints correspond to the notion that neuronal firing rates are never negative and that synaptic weights are either excitatory or inhibitory, but they do not change ...
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
... increase in their permeability to large proteins . • Hence, Bowman’s capsule colloid pressure will increase significantly leading to drawing more water from plasma to the capsule (i.e more filtered fluid). • Proteins will be lost in the urine causing deficiency in the blood colloid pressure which wo ...
... increase in their permeability to large proteins . • Hence, Bowman’s capsule colloid pressure will increase significantly leading to drawing more water from plasma to the capsule (i.e more filtered fluid). • Proteins will be lost in the urine causing deficiency in the blood colloid pressure which wo ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.