Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... by licking for a water reward. The vM1 is a subdivision of the primary motor cortex in which low-intensity stimulation evokes whisker movements8,16–18. Pyramidal-tract-type neurons in vM1 project to the brainstem to control whisking19,20 and rhythmic licking5,21. Activity in the vibrissal somatosens ...
... by licking for a water reward. The vM1 is a subdivision of the primary motor cortex in which low-intensity stimulation evokes whisker movements8,16–18. Pyramidal-tract-type neurons in vM1 project to the brainstem to control whisking19,20 and rhythmic licking5,21. Activity in the vibrissal somatosens ...
Cortical Maps - White Rose Research Online
... teractions may be described in terms of spatial relationships between neurons, as one might graph the excitation of one neuron by another against the distance that separates them in the tissue. Or an interaction may be described in terms of the functional relationships between neurons, as one might ...
... teractions may be described in terms of spatial relationships between neurons, as one might graph the excitation of one neuron by another against the distance that separates them in the tissue. Or an interaction may be described in terms of the functional relationships between neurons, as one might ...
From the Eye to the Brain: Development of the Drosophila
... consists of incoming and outgoing axons of projection neurons, which all connect to more than one medulla column. Different types of projection neurons can be identified based on the location of their cell bodies, their dendritic morphology, and their axonal projection patterns (Fischbach & Dittrich ...
... consists of incoming and outgoing axons of projection neurons, which all connect to more than one medulla column. Different types of projection neurons can be identified based on the location of their cell bodies, their dendritic morphology, and their axonal projection patterns (Fischbach & Dittrich ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... Dopamine (DA) neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are thought to be restricted to the brain. DA-mediated regulation of urinary activity is considered to occur through an interaction between midbrain DA neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the ra ...
... Dopamine (DA) neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are thought to be restricted to the brain. DA-mediated regulation of urinary activity is considered to occur through an interaction between midbrain DA neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the ra ...
More than just synaptic building blocks: scaffolding proteins of the
... cytoplasmic PSD-95 interacting protein, cypin, as a positive regulator of dendritic branching. Cypin is a guanine deaminase that contains a class 1 PDZ domain-binding motif in its C-terminus (Firestein et al. 1999). Over-expression of cypin causes an increase in primary and secondary dendrite number ...
... cytoplasmic PSD-95 interacting protein, cypin, as a positive regulator of dendritic branching. Cypin is a guanine deaminase that contains a class 1 PDZ domain-binding motif in its C-terminus (Firestein et al. 1999). Over-expression of cypin causes an increase in primary and secondary dendrite number ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... asymmetrically at almost any point around its surface [Braak and Braak, 1976; Scheibel et al., 1977; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987]. Although these dendrites project into all cortical layers, most horizontal dendritic arbors occupy layers V and VI with some reaching into the white matter ...
... asymmetrically at almost any point around its surface [Braak and Braak, 1976; Scheibel et al., 1977; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987]. Although these dendrites project into all cortical layers, most horizontal dendritic arbors occupy layers V and VI with some reaching into the white matter ...
Cerebellum: The Brain for an Implicit Self
... I wish to thank all the cerebellar researchers cited in this monograph, whether living or deceased. Their expertise embraced, or continues to embrace, both the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and pathology and the many newer subdisciplines of neuroscience ...
... I wish to thank all the cerebellar researchers cited in this monograph, whether living or deceased. Their expertise embraced, or continues to embrace, both the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and pathology and the many newer subdisciplines of neuroscience ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... Work from Gary Banker and others with cultured hippocampal neurons has established the nomenclature for stages of neuronal development (Dotti et al., 1988). At the start of neuron development, referred to as stage 1, multiple lamellipodia protrude around the entire circumference of the cell. In stag ...
... Work from Gary Banker and others with cultured hippocampal neurons has established the nomenclature for stages of neuronal development (Dotti et al., 1988). At the start of neuron development, referred to as stage 1, multiple lamellipodia protrude around the entire circumference of the cell. In stag ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... the action potentials of the intracellularly recorded neuron, demonstrated that the area 4 neuron discharged in close time relation with one, but not the other, neuronal pool before their coalescence (see bottom left panel). Trains of fast stimuli (100 Hz) applied to cortical areas induced seizures ...
... the action potentials of the intracellularly recorded neuron, demonstrated that the area 4 neuron discharged in close time relation with one, but not the other, neuronal pool before their coalescence (see bottom left panel). Trains of fast stimuli (100 Hz) applied to cortical areas induced seizures ...
Somatosensory Cortical Activity in Relation to Arm Posture
... postures. Unit discharge was related to parameters defining the posture of the arm by multiple linear regression techniques. 2. Two monkeys were trained to grasp a manipulandum presented at locations distributed throughout their workspace. The discharge of single units in SI was recorded for 3 s whi ...
... postures. Unit discharge was related to parameters defining the posture of the arm by multiple linear regression techniques. 2. Two monkeys were trained to grasp a manipulandum presented at locations distributed throughout their workspace. The discharge of single units in SI was recorded for 3 s whi ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... system were then developed to characterize the responsiveness of these neurons to leptin and other agents37–41. All POMC neurons seem to show spontaneous action potentials, and leptin was found to inhibit the release of GABA from NPY terminals synapsing onto POMC neurons (Fig. 2); in addition, immun ...
... system were then developed to characterize the responsiveness of these neurons to leptin and other agents37–41. All POMC neurons seem to show spontaneous action potentials, and leptin was found to inhibit the release of GABA from NPY terminals synapsing onto POMC neurons (Fig. 2); in addition, immun ...
Phone a friend
... C: Reflex action You have won €32,000 6-May-17 The Contestant Thirty two thousand euro only ...
... C: Reflex action You have won €32,000 6-May-17 The Contestant Thirty two thousand euro only ...
Cranial Nerves
... muscle of the eye, which also controls the movement of the eye. These axons convey nerve impulses for proprioception. Cranial Nerve V is the trigeminal nerve, and likes its name has 3 branches, ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. This cranial nerve conveys impulses for touch, pain, and temperatur ...
... muscle of the eye, which also controls the movement of the eye. These axons convey nerve impulses for proprioception. Cranial Nerve V is the trigeminal nerve, and likes its name has 3 branches, ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. This cranial nerve conveys impulses for touch, pain, and temperatur ...
Researchers inch closer to causes, cures for insomnia, narcolepsy
... Another recent study found that cer- cases,” he says. If strep is verified as a tain bacterial infections might spur the trigger, preventing such infections in destruction of these neurons. In some dis- people — especially those with the pareases, streptococcus infection has been ticular HLA variant ...
... Another recent study found that cer- cases,” he says. If strep is verified as a tain bacterial infections might spur the trigger, preventing such infections in destruction of these neurons. In some dis- people — especially those with the pareases, streptococcus infection has been ticular HLA variant ...
Reward-Dependent Spatial Selectivity of Anticipatory Activity in
... superior colliculus. In addition to neurons showing visual or saccade-related activities (Hikosaka et al. 1989a,b), many CD neurons show anticipatory activities before different task-specific events (Hikosaka et al. 1989c). Using a modified memoryguided saccade task (called 1DR) in which reward was ...
... superior colliculus. In addition to neurons showing visual or saccade-related activities (Hikosaka et al. 1989a,b), many CD neurons show anticipatory activities before different task-specific events (Hikosaka et al. 1989c). Using a modified memoryguided saccade task (called 1DR) in which reward was ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47753 ...
... Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47753 ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... Smoking is the most important preventable cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This nicotine addiction is mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key bra ...
... Smoking is the most important preventable cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This nicotine addiction is mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), expressed on most neurons, and also many other organs in the body. Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key bra ...
Mechanisms of memory storage in a model perirhinal network
... cells to other RS cells located [1.5 mm from the source cell in the rostrocaudal dimension. Long-range connections were not designed to be reciprocal. That is, they were made along the random path of each source cell’s single axon. Each source cell formed 21 such connections along the path of its ax ...
... cells to other RS cells located [1.5 mm from the source cell in the rostrocaudal dimension. Long-range connections were not designed to be reciprocal. That is, they were made along the random path of each source cell’s single axon. Each source cell formed 21 such connections along the path of its ax ...
Constructivist Framework for Understanding Pain
... sensory in nature, even though people in pain manifest strong negative emotions to a much greater degree than sensations. They hold that emotions can arise in one of two ways. Either the “realization” (entry into consciousness) of nociceptive sensory signaling at the cortex generates the intrinsic u ...
... sensory in nature, even though people in pain manifest strong negative emotions to a much greater degree than sensations. They hold that emotions can arise in one of two ways. Either the “realization” (entry into consciousness) of nociceptive sensory signaling at the cortex generates the intrinsic u ...
Newsletter Jan 02 - Pediatric Feeding News
... only evaluating and treating the motor part of the swallow while neglecting the sensory portion. That is, we tend to overlook how important it is that the brain receive the appropriate information as to the properties of the bolus so that it may generate an appropriate motor response. If the brain d ...
... only evaluating and treating the motor part of the swallow while neglecting the sensory portion. That is, we tend to overlook how important it is that the brain receive the appropriate information as to the properties of the bolus so that it may generate an appropriate motor response. If the brain d ...
Contributions of temporal-parietal junction to the human
... patients who could discriminate the stimuli. Further behavioral studies of these same temporal-parietal patients have shown reduced orienting to distracting stimuli 17. Other investigators have reported that patients with anterograde memory deficits due to posterior association cortex or limbic path ...
... patients who could discriminate the stimuli. Further behavioral studies of these same temporal-parietal patients have shown reduced orienting to distracting stimuli 17. Other investigators have reported that patients with anterograde memory deficits due to posterior association cortex or limbic path ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
Pain Terminology and Pain Pathways
... group of silent nociceptors which further increases the input of pain signals to the spinal cord. Central (Secondary): Increased pain signals from peripheral nociceptors cause increased release of neurotransmitters such as Substance P, Glutamate, Aspartic Acid and Nitric Oxide in the spinal cord. Th ...
... group of silent nociceptors which further increases the input of pain signals to the spinal cord. Central (Secondary): Increased pain signals from peripheral nociceptors cause increased release of neurotransmitters such as Substance P, Glutamate, Aspartic Acid and Nitric Oxide in the spinal cord. Th ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.