Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... Action potentials How an action potential works: The sodium gates shut very quickly and potassium gates open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell. These ions take the positive charge out with them, and bring the axon back to a polarized state. Eventually the action of the sodium-potassi ...
... Action potentials How an action potential works: The sodium gates shut very quickly and potassium gates open to allow potassium ions to leave the cell. These ions take the positive charge out with them, and bring the axon back to a polarized state. Eventually the action of the sodium-potassi ...
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... neurons provide direct inhibition, although with a low connectivity rate of ∼10% (Caputi et al., 2009), on mid-proximal dendritic domain of pyramidal cell (i.e., proximal parts of apical and basal dendrites). In addition to this sparse connectivity with nearby pyramids, calretinin neurons provide st ...
... neurons provide direct inhibition, although with a low connectivity rate of ∼10% (Caputi et al., 2009), on mid-proximal dendritic domain of pyramidal cell (i.e., proximal parts of apical and basal dendrites). In addition to this sparse connectivity with nearby pyramids, calretinin neurons provide st ...
Table of Contents
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance
... system plays a more complex and specific role in the control of behavior than investigators previously thought. We review neurophysiological and modeling studies in monkey that support a new theory of LC-NE function. LC neurons exhibit two modes of activity, phasic and tonic. Phasic LC activation is ...
... system plays a more complex and specific role in the control of behavior than investigators previously thought. We review neurophysiological and modeling studies in monkey that support a new theory of LC-NE function. LC neurons exhibit two modes of activity, phasic and tonic. Phasic LC activation is ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... expected, but this has not been found during fear conditioning. We investigated neural pathways that relay information about the UCS to the amygdala by recording neurons in the amygdala and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of rats during fear conditioning. UCS-evoked responses in both amygdala and PAG were ...
... expected, but this has not been found during fear conditioning. We investigated neural pathways that relay information about the UCS to the amygdala by recording neurons in the amygdala and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of rats during fear conditioning. UCS-evoked responses in both amygdala and PAG were ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... neurons form multiple minor processes. Stage 3 neurons possess one long neurite (immature axon) and several minor processes. The longest neurite ultimately develops into a mature axon. Therefore, the initial event of neuronal polarization in cultured neurons is axon initiation. Then, within 7 days, ...
... neurons form multiple minor processes. Stage 3 neurons possess one long neurite (immature axon) and several minor processes. The longest neurite ultimately develops into a mature axon. Therefore, the initial event of neuronal polarization in cultured neurons is axon initiation. Then, within 7 days, ...
body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... • Vision is the least developed sense at birth, but it improves rapidly. – Visual acuity – the sharpness of vision or the ability to see • Studied through preferential looking – Tasks designed to determine whether infants prefer to look at one stimulus or another ...
... • Vision is the least developed sense at birth, but it improves rapidly. – Visual acuity – the sharpness of vision or the ability to see • Studied through preferential looking – Tasks designed to determine whether infants prefer to look at one stimulus or another ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... we fixed V0 to minus the mean spontaneous firing rate, which we obtained from the responses to blank stimuli, and we chose Vmax to minimize square error between model and data. Had we fixed Vmax and V0 across experiments, the quality of predictions would have been compromised in many neurons. Maskin ...
... we fixed V0 to minus the mean spontaneous firing rate, which we obtained from the responses to blank stimuli, and we chose Vmax to minimize square error between model and data. Had we fixed Vmax and V0 across experiments, the quality of predictions would have been compromised in many neurons. Maskin ...
The Roles of Excitatory Amino Acids and Cytokines in Morphine
... in clinical pain management. It is often used for long-term pain management in patients with cancer pain and neuropathic pain. However, its use for treatment of chronic pain is limited by side effects, especially the development of morphine tolerance (that is, a loss of analgesic effectiveness) [1]. ...
... in clinical pain management. It is often used for long-term pain management in patients with cancer pain and neuropathic pain. However, its use for treatment of chronic pain is limited by side effects, especially the development of morphine tolerance (that is, a loss of analgesic effectiveness) [1]. ...
Biological Rhythms: 2 Day Circadian Examples Biorhythms
... • Excessive sleepiness treated with stimulants like Dexedrine (d-amphetamine) or Ritalin (methylphenidate) or the newer Provigil (modafinil). • Abnormal REM symptoms treated with antidepressants which suppress REM & often have ...
... • Excessive sleepiness treated with stimulants like Dexedrine (d-amphetamine) or Ritalin (methylphenidate) or the newer Provigil (modafinil). • Abnormal REM symptoms treated with antidepressants which suppress REM & often have ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
... Fig. 2. Simplified schematics of the synaptic circuits in each compartment. The top left schematic shows the circuit for AMPA synapse, which is modeled as a low-pass filter (LPF). The top right schematic shows the NMDA synapse, which has a relatively long time constant and is sensitive to both the l ...
Through the looking glass: counter
... 1280 ms before it was replaced by the imperative stimulus, which was shown for 640 ms. Each trial therefore depicted either a hand or foot being raised from a resting position either alone (single stimulus) or while the other effector remained at rest (compound stimulus). The compound stimuli introd ...
... 1280 ms before it was replaced by the imperative stimulus, which was shown for 640 ms. Each trial therefore depicted either a hand or foot being raised from a resting position either alone (single stimulus) or while the other effector remained at rest (compound stimulus). The compound stimuli introd ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... rapid but intermittent transport in both the anterograde find that mitochondria accumulate at regions of focal NGF and retrograde directions in axons. We have shown that stimulation. This response is specific to mitochondria and in chick embryonic sensory neurons, the transport of does not result fr ...
... rapid but intermittent transport in both the anterograde find that mitochondria accumulate at regions of focal NGF and retrograde directions in axons. We have shown that stimulation. This response is specific to mitochondria and in chick embryonic sensory neurons, the transport of does not result fr ...
Review Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
... glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission. As seen in development, age-related changes may be activity dependent. Age-related presynaptic changes in the cochlear nucleus include reduced glycine levels, while in the auditory midbrain and cortex, GABA synthesis and release are altered. Presumably, in r ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... within the gray matter, and a principal axonal projection, which enters the white matter and travels to another brain region. These axons utilize excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate, as a neurotransmitter and form synapses that have the characteristic morphology associated with excitatory neur ...
... within the gray matter, and a principal axonal projection, which enters the white matter and travels to another brain region. These axons utilize excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate, as a neurotransmitter and form synapses that have the characteristic morphology associated with excitatory neur ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... consecutive dilation responses to the CS greater than the sensitization reference level; the fifth consecutive trial was noted as the trial(s) to criterion. This criterion was met in 17 of the 19 sessions in which acoustically evoked dilations were recorded. During the 20th session, the pupil dilate ...
... consecutive dilation responses to the CS greater than the sensitization reference level; the fifth consecutive trial was noted as the trial(s) to criterion. This criterion was met in 17 of the 19 sessions in which acoustically evoked dilations were recorded. During the 20th session, the pupil dilate ...
PDF Mynark - American Kinesiology Association
... patterns impacting upon the motoneuron. Considering that a typical motoneuron receives input from several thousand sources spread across over 10,000 synapses, it is nearly impossible to completely quantify the input changes over time. However, the following addresses some of the more powerful and be ...
... patterns impacting upon the motoneuron. Considering that a typical motoneuron receives input from several thousand sources spread across over 10,000 synapses, it is nearly impossible to completely quantify the input changes over time. However, the following addresses some of the more powerful and be ...
Module 5 – Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves The Spinal Cord
... Ventral root - contains the axons of motor neurons (issues motor commands to effector glands and muscles) Dorsal root - contains the axons of sensory neurons (relays sensory input from receptors to the spinal cord) o Cell bodies of sensory neurons lie within the dorsal root ganglion While th ...
... Ventral root - contains the axons of motor neurons (issues motor commands to effector glands and muscles) Dorsal root - contains the axons of sensory neurons (relays sensory input from receptors to the spinal cord) o Cell bodies of sensory neurons lie within the dorsal root ganglion While th ...
GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... ability of the firefly enzyme luciferase to catalyse a reaction between its substrate luciferin and ATP and release the two terminal phosphate groups of ATP. Luciferin becomes excited during the process but, on return to its basal state, it releases energy in the form of light. ...
... ability of the firefly enzyme luciferase to catalyse a reaction between its substrate luciferin and ATP and release the two terminal phosphate groups of ATP. Luciferin becomes excited during the process but, on return to its basal state, it releases energy in the form of light. ...
I. MITRAL CELLS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB OF THE LIZARD S. Llahi,
... somata are often parallelly arranged to the medial surface, but at more caudal levels, perpendicular or tangential orientations can easily be observed. In the AOB mitral cells can give rise to more than one primary dendrite and corresponding tuft (fig. 4B,C) in the glomerular layer (one tuft within ...
... somata are often parallelly arranged to the medial surface, but at more caudal levels, perpendicular or tangential orientations can easily be observed. In the AOB mitral cells can give rise to more than one primary dendrite and corresponding tuft (fig. 4B,C) in the glomerular layer (one tuft within ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 40.1 Periodic activation in sleep cycles
... trigmenial motor nuclei; AHC, anterior horn cell. From Hobson et al. (2000). FIGURE 40.10 The Reciprocal Interaction (RI) Model (A) In the original RI model (Hobson et al., 1975; McCarley & Hobson, 1975), REM-on cholinergic neurons (Green triangle, solid line) both selfexcite and excite aminergic RE ...
... trigmenial motor nuclei; AHC, anterior horn cell. From Hobson et al. (2000). FIGURE 40.10 The Reciprocal Interaction (RI) Model (A) In the original RI model (Hobson et al., 1975; McCarley & Hobson, 1975), REM-on cholinergic neurons (Green triangle, solid line) both selfexcite and excite aminergic RE ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventral pallidum that arise from cell bodies in the VTA. Examination of the known binding sites for drugs of abuse ...
... amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventral pallidum that arise from cell bodies in the VTA. Examination of the known binding sites for drugs of abuse ...
Reference frames for representing the location of visual and tactile
... sensory areas, spatial locations are encoded differently in each modality: visual receptive fields (RFs) are anchored to the retina, auditory RFs to the head, and tactile RFs to the skin surface. How does the nervous system cope with this? A standard view is that multisensory neurons integrate infor ...
... sensory areas, spatial locations are encoded differently in each modality: visual receptive fields (RFs) are anchored to the retina, auditory RFs to the head, and tactile RFs to the skin surface. How does the nervous system cope with this? A standard view is that multisensory neurons integrate infor ...
Massive Loss of Mid- and Hindbrain Neurons during Embryonic
... animals, was intriguing because axons from this nucleus comprise the V cranial nerve, which controls the muscles required for mastication and suckling. Because this nucleus is required at birth, these cells undergo synaptogenesis and terminal differentiation during embryonic life. To determine wheth ...
... animals, was intriguing because axons from this nucleus comprise the V cranial nerve, which controls the muscles required for mastication and suckling. Because this nucleus is required at birth, these cells undergo synaptogenesis and terminal differentiation during embryonic life. To determine wheth ...
The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... Beyond the optic chiasm the axons from nasal and temporal hemiretinas carrying input from one hemifield join in the optic tract, which extends to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The lateral geniculate nucleus in primates consists of six layers, each of which receives input from eithe ...
... Beyond the optic chiasm the axons from nasal and temporal hemiretinas carrying input from one hemifield join in the optic tract, which extends to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The lateral geniculate nucleus in primates consists of six layers, each of which receives input from eithe ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.