Renal Anatomy and Physiology Worksheet
... out of the tubular fluid to represent reabsorption or going into tubular fluid to represent secretion. The line representing the nephron’s wall is a composite of BOTH the luminal (apical) and basolateral (basal) membranes. If a substance is actively reabsorbed or secreted across either membrane, use ...
... out of the tubular fluid to represent reabsorption or going into tubular fluid to represent secretion. The line representing the nephron’s wall is a composite of BOTH the luminal (apical) and basolateral (basal) membranes. If a substance is actively reabsorbed or secreted across either membrane, use ...
Central Nervous System
... • An effector is an organ that puts nerve signals “into effect.” • A neuron pathway is the route traveled by a nerve impulse. • The reflex arc is a specialized path of the neuron pathway, allowing impulse conduction in only one direction. • Conduction by a reflex arc results in a reflex, either cont ...
... • An effector is an organ that puts nerve signals “into effect.” • A neuron pathway is the route traveled by a nerve impulse. • The reflex arc is a specialized path of the neuron pathway, allowing impulse conduction in only one direction. • Conduction by a reflex arc results in a reflex, either cont ...
"Visual System Development in Vertebrates". In: Encyclopedia of
... extracellular matrix. As the basal ectodermal cells begin secreting collagen to form the primary stroma, migrating neural crest cells arrive at the developing cornea and form the corneal endothelium. These cells secrete hyaluronic acid into the extracellular matrix, causing the matrix to swell and a ...
... extracellular matrix. As the basal ectodermal cells begin secreting collagen to form the primary stroma, migrating neural crest cells arrive at the developing cornea and form the corneal endothelium. These cells secrete hyaluronic acid into the extracellular matrix, causing the matrix to swell and a ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... function of spinal and supraspinal neural networks with specific types of behaviors. Our current understanding of how motor circuits are assembled derives from classical studies on development and neuroanatomy in experimentally accessible systems such as chick embryos (Bekoff 2001, Landmesser 2001), ...
... function of spinal and supraspinal neural networks with specific types of behaviors. Our current understanding of how motor circuits are assembled derives from classical studies on development and neuroanatomy in experimentally accessible systems such as chick embryos (Bekoff 2001, Landmesser 2001), ...
Visual areas and spatial summation in human visual cortex
... aspect of the human occipital cortex, however, have not achieved this level of precision; in fact, different laboratories have produced inconsistent reports concerning the visual areas in dorsal and ventral occipital lobe. We report four findings concerning the visual representation in dorsal region ...
... aspect of the human occipital cortex, however, have not achieved this level of precision; in fact, different laboratories have produced inconsistent reports concerning the visual areas in dorsal and ventral occipital lobe. We report four findings concerning the visual representation in dorsal region ...
Processing of Interaural Intensity Differences in the LSO: Role of
... excitatory input has a lower threshold than the inhibitory input. However, because the excitatory input has a lower threshold, it would be stronger and arrive earlier than the inhibitory input when the intensities at the two ears are equal. Thus, to match the strengths and timing of the two inputs, ...
... excitatory input has a lower threshold than the inhibitory input. However, because the excitatory input has a lower threshold, it would be stronger and arrive earlier than the inhibitory input when the intensities at the two ears are equal. Thus, to match the strengths and timing of the two inputs, ...
(Renal Physiology.kp)
... Why the difference? The intracellular compartment is separated from the extracellular compartment by cell membranes. This barrier is selectively permeable, and contains active sodiumpotassium pumps which maintain the concentration differences. Plasma and interstitial fluid compartments are separate ...
... Why the difference? The intracellular compartment is separated from the extracellular compartment by cell membranes. This barrier is selectively permeable, and contains active sodiumpotassium pumps which maintain the concentration differences. Plasma and interstitial fluid compartments are separate ...
A Neural Network of Adaptively Timed Reinforcement
... its attentional focus and releases exploratory behavior aimed at finding food somewhere else? Alternatively, if the animal does wait, but food does not appear after the two seconds have elapsed, why does the animal then react to the unexpected nonoccurrence of food by becoming frustrated, shifting i ...
... its attentional focus and releases exploratory behavior aimed at finding food somewhere else? Alternatively, if the animal does wait, but food does not appear after the two seconds have elapsed, why does the animal then react to the unexpected nonoccurrence of food by becoming frustrated, shifting i ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... were tested subsequently for horizontal modulation. It will be shown that many FN neurons carry a clear vestibular signal, which can be related to individual canals. Many neurons also show a convergence either of different vertical canals (VCs) or of HCs and VCs. Other neurons had an otolith input. ...
... were tested subsequently for horizontal modulation. It will be shown that many FN neurons carry a clear vestibular signal, which can be related to individual canals. Many neurons also show a convergence either of different vertical canals (VCs) or of HCs and VCs. Other neurons had an otolith input. ...
Cerebellar Abnormalities Based on Chemical Neuroanatomy
... neuroanatomy in the ataxic mutant, rolling mouse Nagoya. This mutant mouse carries a mutation in the gene encoding for the α1A subunit of the voltage-gated P/Q-type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1), as do tottering, leaner, rocker and wobbly mice, and is a useful model for human neurological diseases such as e ...
... neuroanatomy in the ataxic mutant, rolling mouse Nagoya. This mutant mouse carries a mutation in the gene encoding for the α1A subunit of the voltage-gated P/Q-type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1), as do tottering, leaner, rocker and wobbly mice, and is a useful model for human neurological diseases such as e ...
Zimb_AP_Ch04 - Somerset Academy
... An early stage of perception in which neurons in a receptor create an internal pattern of nerve impulses that represent the conditions that stimulated it – either inside or outside the body Perception – A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2 ...
... An early stage of perception in which neurons in a receptor create an internal pattern of nerve impulses that represent the conditions that stimulated it – either inside or outside the body Perception – A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2 ...
The Transformation of a Unilateral Locomotor Command into a
... conjugate [10,000 molecular weight (MW); Invitrogen] were applied over the cut end of the spinal cord (between the first and the second spinal segments) to label RS cells retrogradely. The preparations were perfused with cold Ringer’s solution overnight in the dark to allow dye transport (10 –24 h). ...
... conjugate [10,000 molecular weight (MW); Invitrogen] were applied over the cut end of the spinal cord (between the first and the second spinal segments) to label RS cells retrogradely. The preparations were perfused with cold Ringer’s solution overnight in the dark to allow dye transport (10 –24 h). ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... SLN stimulation at 5 Hz elicited oropharyngeal and LES but not esophageal responses and evoked c-fos expression in neurons in SolI, SolIM, SolDM, PCRt, AP, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc but not in SolCe, NAc, or DMVr. These data are consistent with the role of SolI, SolIM, SolDM, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc circuit i ...
... SLN stimulation at 5 Hz elicited oropharyngeal and LES but not esophageal responses and evoked c-fos expression in neurons in SolI, SolIM, SolDM, PCRt, AP, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc but not in SolCe, NAc, or DMVr. These data are consistent with the role of SolI, SolIM, SolDM, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc circuit i ...
Dissertation 20161009 Text Citations
... Figure 9. Discriminability of East Asian and Caucasian Stimuli based upon neural patterns of activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala (AMG), cuneus (CUN), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), fusiform gyri / fusiform face area (FFA), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) an ...
... Figure 9. Discriminability of East Asian and Caucasian Stimuli based upon neural patterns of activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala (AMG), cuneus (CUN), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), fusiform gyri / fusiform face area (FFA), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) an ...
Drug-Evoked Synaptic Plasticity Causing Addictive Behavior
... Wise, 1981]. While SA is a necessary condition to demonstrate the reinforcing nature of a given substance, it is by no means sufficient (Collins et al., 1984). SA translates well to clinical reports of drug liking; however, used in its most basic form, it does not fully mimic core features of addict ...
... Wise, 1981]. While SA is a necessary condition to demonstrate the reinforcing nature of a given substance, it is by no means sufficient (Collins et al., 1984). SA translates well to clinical reports of drug liking; however, used in its most basic form, it does not fully mimic core features of addict ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... filopodia and lamellipodia of these giant growth cones, there is a constant retrograde flow in which substances move backward away from the leading edge. Cytochalasin treatment suggested that this movement is based on retrograde flow of filamentous actin (F-actin), and this was later confirmed with ...
... filopodia and lamellipodia of these giant growth cones, there is a constant retrograde flow in which substances move backward away from the leading edge. Cytochalasin treatment suggested that this movement is based on retrograde flow of filamentous actin (F-actin), and this was later confirmed with ...
Nicotine toxicity
... pressure due to nicotine’s action in the branch of the neuromuscular system called the sympathetic nervous system or the fight or flight system which controls heart rhythm. ...
... pressure due to nicotine’s action in the branch of the neuromuscular system called the sympathetic nervous system or the fight or flight system which controls heart rhythm. ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... spatial location of the stimuli which excite them. These sensilla are involved in different behaviours and might therefore be tuned to different types of contact chemosensory stimuli. These functional constraints imply a different organisation of the nervous centres processing the information receiv ...
... spatial location of the stimuli which excite them. These sensilla are involved in different behaviours and might therefore be tuned to different types of contact chemosensory stimuli. These functional constraints imply a different organisation of the nervous centres processing the information receiv ...
Molecular and functional anatomy of the mouse olfactory epithelium
... important to most animals in order to survive, find food, avoid predators and to find a mating partner. I have in this thesis studied different aspects of the functional anatomy of the olfactory epithelium, focusing on one model organism, the mouse. ...
... important to most animals in order to survive, find food, avoid predators and to find a mating partner. I have in this thesis studied different aspects of the functional anatomy of the olfactory epithelium, focusing on one model organism, the mouse. ...
My First PowerPoint Presentation
... • TAAR1 can form a heterodimer with D2R and this interaction may be important for downstream signaling and behavior both at the level of presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors • TAAR1 modulates glutamate NMDA receptor function in the prefrontal cortex and related ...
... • TAAR1 can form a heterodimer with D2R and this interaction may be important for downstream signaling and behavior both at the level of presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors • TAAR1 modulates glutamate NMDA receptor function in the prefrontal cortex and related ...
In transverse section, the spinal cord features: -
... Dog: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 7 lumbar; 3 sacral; & 5 caudal = 36 total Cat: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 7 lumbar; 3 sacral; & 5 caudal = 36 total Bovine: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 6 lumbar; 5 sacral; & 5 caudal = 37 total Horse: 8 cervical; 18 thoracic; 6 lumbar; 5 sacral; & 5 caudal = 42 total Swine: ...
... Dog: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 7 lumbar; 3 sacral; & 5 caudal = 36 total Cat: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 7 lumbar; 3 sacral; & 5 caudal = 36 total Bovine: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 6 lumbar; 5 sacral; & 5 caudal = 37 total Horse: 8 cervical; 18 thoracic; 6 lumbar; 5 sacral; & 5 caudal = 42 total Swine: ...
Synapses formed by normal and abnormal hippocampal mossy fibers
... dentate granule cells form characteristic synaptic connections with large spines or excrescences of both hilar mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal neurons. Interneurons of the hilar region and area CA3 are also prominent targets of mossy fibers. The tracing of biocytin-filled mossy fibers and immunolabeli ...
... dentate granule cells form characteristic synaptic connections with large spines or excrescences of both hilar mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal neurons. Interneurons of the hilar region and area CA3 are also prominent targets of mossy fibers. The tracing of biocytin-filled mossy fibers and immunolabeli ...
Human nasal olfactory epithelium as a dynamic marker for CNS
... express specific markers of CNS cell types including astrocytic marker GFAP, as well as neuronal markers such as glutamate receptor subtypes, nerve growth factor receptors and neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate (Au and Roskams, 2002; Au and Roskams, 2003; Priest and Puche, 2004; Thukral et al., 199 ...
... express specific markers of CNS cell types including astrocytic marker GFAP, as well as neuronal markers such as glutamate receptor subtypes, nerve growth factor receptors and neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate (Au and Roskams, 2002; Au and Roskams, 2003; Priest and Puche, 2004; Thukral et al., 199 ...
Cortex-inspired Developmental Learning for Vision-based Navigation, Attention and Recognition
... variance of relevant subspace in the neuronal input, resulting in more neurons being recruited along relevant information. The bottom-up input samples contain two classes, indicated by samples “+” and “◦” respectively. The regions of the two classes should not overlap if the input information in X i ...
... variance of relevant subspace in the neuronal input, resulting in more neurons being recruited along relevant information. The bottom-up input samples contain two classes, indicated by samples “+” and “◦” respectively. The regions of the two classes should not overlap if the input information in X i ...
Synaptic Inputs to Stellate Cells in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus
... SYNAPTIC INPUTS TO VCN MULTIPOLAR CELLS ...
... SYNAPTIC INPUTS TO VCN MULTIPOLAR CELLS ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.