Neuropeptide-Mediated Facilitation and Inhibition of Sensory Inputs
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
The Neurobehavioral Nature of Fishes and the
... organization, there are great differences across vertebrate taxa in the structure and complexity of the brain (Butler and Hodos, 1996; Nieuwenhuys et al., 1998a). A principal difference between mammalian brains and those of other vertebrates is the expansion and complexity of the mammalian cerebral ...
... organization, there are great differences across vertebrate taxa in the structure and complexity of the brain (Butler and Hodos, 1996; Nieuwenhuys et al., 1998a). A principal difference between mammalian brains and those of other vertebrates is the expansion and complexity of the mammalian cerebral ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... inhibitory interneuron; W, the strength of recurrent excitatory connections from a2 to a2 and a3 to a3 ; W 0 , the strength of excitatory connections from a2 and a3 to the interneuron; −H, the strength of the inhibitory connections from this interneuron to a2 and a3 ; h, activation of the model inte ...
... inhibitory interneuron; W, the strength of recurrent excitatory connections from a2 to a2 and a3 to a3 ; W 0 , the strength of excitatory connections from a2 and a3 to the interneuron; −H, the strength of the inhibitory connections from this interneuron to a2 and a3 ; h, activation of the model inte ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... Disinhibiting the branches targeted by one pathway can selectively open the gate for this pathway while keeping the gates closed for other pathways (Fig. 2d). When a gate is open, the neuron’s output firing rate transmits the stimulus selectivity of the corresponding input pathway most effectively (F ...
... Disinhibiting the branches targeted by one pathway can selectively open the gate for this pathway while keeping the gates closed for other pathways (Fig. 2d). When a gate is open, the neuron’s output firing rate transmits the stimulus selectivity of the corresponding input pathway most effectively (F ...
Similarities between Severe Tinnitus and Chronic Pain
... neural plasticity that can be caused by altered balance between inhibition and excitation and by establishment of new neural pathways through opening of synapses that are normally ineffective (dormant) (Wall, 1977). Such changes in the nervous system may be more or less permanent. One strong indicat ...
... neural plasticity that can be caused by altered balance between inhibition and excitation and by establishment of new neural pathways through opening of synapses that are normally ineffective (dormant) (Wall, 1977). Such changes in the nervous system may be more or less permanent. One strong indicat ...
The fate of Nissl-stained dark neurons following
... percussion injury model. Nissl stain, acid fuchsin stain and immunohistochemistry with phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK) antibody were used in order to assess posttraumatic neurons. In the neocortex, the number of dead neurons at 24 h postinjury was signiWcantly les ...
... percussion injury model. Nissl stain, acid fuchsin stain and immunohistochemistry with phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK) antibody were used in order to assess posttraumatic neurons. In the neocortex, the number of dead neurons at 24 h postinjury was signiWcantly les ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... Surely the reader has heard of the problem of auditory stream segregation, or perhaps the colloquial term cocktail party problem or even the technical term source separation problem is more familiar. Be that as it may, these terms essentially all concern the same problem — how is a listener able to ...
... Surely the reader has heard of the problem of auditory stream segregation, or perhaps the colloquial term cocktail party problem or even the technical term source separation problem is more familiar. Be that as it may, these terms essentially all concern the same problem — how is a listener able to ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... For flexor reflex to work The stretch reflex of antagonistic (extensor) muscle must be inhibited (reciprocal inhibition) by interneurons in spinal cord ...
... For flexor reflex to work The stretch reflex of antagonistic (extensor) muscle must be inhibited (reciprocal inhibition) by interneurons in spinal cord ...
Knockdown of a Mosquito Odorant-binding Protein Involved in the
... Finally, we compared the responses of sham- and RNAitreated female mosquitoes to various doses of these oviposition-related compounds. EAG responses of RNAitreated females to MOP were below the detection limit, but the dose required to generate consistent EAG signals with water-treated or untreated ...
... Finally, we compared the responses of sham- and RNAitreated female mosquitoes to various doses of these oviposition-related compounds. EAG responses of RNAitreated females to MOP were below the detection limit, but the dose required to generate consistent EAG signals with water-treated or untreated ...
The Bifurcating Neuron Network 1q
... Our model neuron is derived from the integrate-and-®re neuron model for the reason stated above. The behavior of an integrate-and-®re neuron under a constant feeding is simple: it repeats a regular cycle of charging and discharging. This simple picture of an integrate-and-®re neuron is of course due ...
... Our model neuron is derived from the integrate-and-®re neuron model for the reason stated above. The behavior of an integrate-and-®re neuron under a constant feeding is simple: it repeats a regular cycle of charging and discharging. This simple picture of an integrate-and-®re neuron is of course due ...
The Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... processing. They are not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. A.K.A — learning ...
... processing. They are not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. A.K.A — learning ...
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... strength sustained by the reinforcer and the current strength of the predictive stimulus (prediction error) [6] and requires in some situations the uncertainty of the reinforcer [7]. Uncertainty is different from probability; it is highest at probability (p)¼0.5 and decreases toward lower and higher ...
... strength sustained by the reinforcer and the current strength of the predictive stimulus (prediction error) [6] and requires in some situations the uncertainty of the reinforcer [7]. Uncertainty is different from probability; it is highest at probability (p)¼0.5 and decreases toward lower and higher ...
Spiking neural networks for vision tasks
... A method that can simplify the work with SNN was proposed in [13]. While learning methods are very well developed for frame based CNNs, they are still an open research problem for frame free spiking neural networks. the presented method avoids this problem by transforming a regular CNN, trained with ...
... A method that can simplify the work with SNN was proposed in [13]. While learning methods are very well developed for frame based CNNs, they are still an open research problem for frame free spiking neural networks. the presented method avoids this problem by transforming a regular CNN, trained with ...
Slide 1
... *There are as many as 10,000 specific types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human brain. Mainlly they can be coarsely classified in: motor neurons (for conveying motor information), sensory neurons (for conveying sensory information), and interneurons (which convey information betw ...
... *There are as many as 10,000 specific types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human brain. Mainlly they can be coarsely classified in: motor neurons (for conveying motor information), sensory neurons (for conveying sensory information), and interneurons (which convey information betw ...
Lymphatic System
... Normal lymph flow is very little at interstitial fluid pressures more negative than the normal value of -6 mm Hg. Then, as the pressure rises to 0 mm Hg (atmospheric pressure), flow increases more than 20-fold. Any factor that increases interstitial fluid pressure also increases lymph flow if the ly ...
... Normal lymph flow is very little at interstitial fluid pressures more negative than the normal value of -6 mm Hg. Then, as the pressure rises to 0 mm Hg (atmospheric pressure), flow increases more than 20-fold. Any factor that increases interstitial fluid pressure also increases lymph flow if the ly ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... scenario enables predictions about what may happen next. If a head is turning, for instance, a frontal view of a face may soon be replaced by a profile [22]. Generative models are necessarily hierarchical (in space and time). If the visual system operates as a generative model, the percept correspon ...
... scenario enables predictions about what may happen next. If a head is turning, for instance, a frontal view of a face may soon be replaced by a profile [22]. Generative models are necessarily hierarchical (in space and time). If the visual system operates as a generative model, the percept correspon ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... Data analysis. We identified a single neuron type with vocal-related activity, which was active mostly during fictive fast trills [“fast-trill neurons” (FTNs)]. FTNs were used for further analysis if their membrane potentials were recorded during at least five fictive advertisement calls. Vocal-rela ...
... Data analysis. We identified a single neuron type with vocal-related activity, which was active mostly during fictive fast trills [“fast-trill neurons” (FTNs)]. FTNs were used for further analysis if their membrane potentials were recorded during at least five fictive advertisement calls. Vocal-rela ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
Anatomy and Physiology
... Subsequently, the electric impulse will spread down the membrane by causing the first voltage gated Na+ channel to open which in turn will create another electric impulse and ③ opening another voltage gated Na+ channel. ④ Like falling dominos, another electric impulse will be generated whereby causi ...
... Subsequently, the electric impulse will spread down the membrane by causing the first voltage gated Na+ channel to open which in turn will create another electric impulse and ③ opening another voltage gated Na+ channel. ④ Like falling dominos, another electric impulse will be generated whereby causi ...
Shootin1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... (C) Correlation between neurite elongation speed and EGFP-shootin1 levels in growth cones. Stage 2 hippocampal neurons expressing EGFP-shootin1 (green) and mRFP (red) was observed under a time-lapse fluorescence microscope every 5 min. Relative levels of EGFPshootin1 and mRFP in growth cones were qua ...
... (C) Correlation between neurite elongation speed and EGFP-shootin1 levels in growth cones. Stage 2 hippocampal neurons expressing EGFP-shootin1 (green) and mRFP (red) was observed under a time-lapse fluorescence microscope every 5 min. Relative levels of EGFPshootin1 and mRFP in growth cones were qua ...
Location and connectivity determine GABAergic interneuron survival in the brains... South Hampshire sheep with CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
... This study of regional disease related changes in the distribution of interneuron populations from 12 days to mature disease revealed a distinctive pattern of change for each calcium binding protein. Loss of neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of a ...
... This study of regional disease related changes in the distribution of interneuron populations from 12 days to mature disease revealed a distinctive pattern of change for each calcium binding protein. Loss of neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of a ...
ion channels in plants - Physiological Reviews
... the ion species involved in the different phases of the action potential. In the squid axon, facing high saline sea water, sodium ions entering the nerve cell were associated with the initial depolarization phase and potassium ion efflux to the subsequent repolarization (51, 134, 135). However, Nite ...
... the ion species involved in the different phases of the action potential. In the squid axon, facing high saline sea water, sodium ions entering the nerve cell were associated with the initial depolarization phase and potassium ion efflux to the subsequent repolarization (51, 134, 135). However, Nite ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.