Alexander et al., 2009
... neuron populations of interest and achieving Cre-dependent DREADD expression (Ferguson et al., 2011). Selective expression can be achieved using Cre-driven transgenic or knock-in animal lines, or through the administration of a second virus-driving expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombinati ...
... neuron populations of interest and achieving Cre-dependent DREADD expression (Ferguson et al., 2011). Selective expression can be achieved using Cre-driven transgenic or knock-in animal lines, or through the administration of a second virus-driving expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombinati ...
Preprint - University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences
... are converted into its responses, have proven effective in a broad array of sensory modalities, brain areas, and species (e.g. Eggermont, Aertsen and Johannesma 1983, Jones and Palmer 1987, DiCarlo, Johnson and Hsiao 1998). Within vision, classic examples include the center-surround receptive field ...
... are converted into its responses, have proven effective in a broad array of sensory modalities, brain areas, and species (e.g. Eggermont, Aertsen and Johannesma 1983, Jones and Palmer 1987, DiCarlo, Johnson and Hsiao 1998). Within vision, classic examples include the center-surround receptive field ...
String Art: Axon Tracts in the Spinal Cord Spinal reflex arcs
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
Single-trial decoding of intended eye movement goals from lateral
... analyzing neurons with low firing rates and short epochs. The quantile indexes were used as r in Eq. 1. MI was compared against a null distribution obtained by shuffling target locations and calculating MI for 1,000 different shuffles. We labeled neurons as having significant target location informa ...
... analyzing neurons with low firing rates and short epochs. The quantile indexes were used as r in Eq. 1. MI was compared against a null distribution obtained by shuffling target locations and calculating MI for 1,000 different shuffles. We labeled neurons as having significant target location informa ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... The connectivity of VS with OFC and ABL suggests that it might also represent the value of expected outcomes. This would be consistent with its proposed role as the “critic” in actor-critic models, where VS generates value predictions about future outcomes, which are used by dopamine (DA) neurons to ...
... The connectivity of VS with OFC and ABL suggests that it might also represent the value of expected outcomes. This would be consistent with its proposed role as the “critic” in actor-critic models, where VS generates value predictions about future outcomes, which are used by dopamine (DA) neurons to ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... However, other experiments have questioned the sole involvement of calcium, sinceneuronal death can occur without large deviations in [Ca*+], and high potassium or cyanide induced increasesin [Ca*+], do not produce toxicity (Michaels and Rothman, 1990; Dubinsky and Rothman, 1991). Intracellular acid ...
... However, other experiments have questioned the sole involvement of calcium, sinceneuronal death can occur without large deviations in [Ca*+], and high potassium or cyanide induced increasesin [Ca*+], do not produce toxicity (Michaels and Rothman, 1990; Dubinsky and Rothman, 1991). Intracellular acid ...
Catherine - Muscular
... •Motor Neurons connect the central nervous system to skeletal muscles •Impulses from motor neurons control the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers •The point at which motor neurons meet the skeletal muscles is called ...
... •Motor Neurons connect the central nervous system to skeletal muscles •Impulses from motor neurons control the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers •The point at which motor neurons meet the skeletal muscles is called ...
short communication - Deep Blue
... intrinsic pacemaker system in the ganglion. The nature of many of the changes suggests that at least some of these modulators are tonic elements, normally producing effects over many cycles. Although there is evidence that specific components of a rhythmic cycle may be stimulated or inhibited indepe ...
... intrinsic pacemaker system in the ganglion. The nature of many of the changes suggests that at least some of these modulators are tonic elements, normally producing effects over many cycles. Although there is evidence that specific components of a rhythmic cycle may be stimulated or inhibited indepe ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... determined the percent volume of the axon terminals (axon terminals: presynaptic expansion of the axon that contains synaptic vesicles and mitochondria) and spines by using the point counting method22 in which the number of intersecting points touched by the axon terminals and/or spines were counted ...
... determined the percent volume of the axon terminals (axon terminals: presynaptic expansion of the axon that contains synaptic vesicles and mitochondria) and spines by using the point counting method22 in which the number of intersecting points touched by the axon terminals and/or spines were counted ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... crucial process for the saccadic system. Cortical areas believed to be involved in target selection, such as the frontal eye field (FEF) and parietal area LIP, are richly interconnected with the SC (Fries 1984; Leichnetz et al. 1981; Lynch et al. 1985, 1994; Stanton et al. 1988), and recent studies ...
... crucial process for the saccadic system. Cortical areas believed to be involved in target selection, such as the frontal eye field (FEF) and parietal area LIP, are richly interconnected with the SC (Fries 1984; Leichnetz et al. 1981; Lynch et al. 1985, 1994; Stanton et al. 1988), and recent studies ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... Regular repeated action of conditional irritant without a reinforcement of it by unconditioned reflex results in gradual easing a conditioned reflex, and so to its disappearance, fading away. Such kind of braking refers as fading away. Thanking to fading away braiking the brain is released from ...
... Regular repeated action of conditional irritant without a reinforcement of it by unconditioned reflex results in gradual easing a conditioned reflex, and so to its disappearance, fading away. Such kind of braking refers as fading away. Thanking to fading away braiking the brain is released from ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... Wilson 1999; Nakanishi et al. 1987), suggesting STN neurons work as linear transformers relaying the strength of inputs from, for example, the cortex (Magill et al. 2000). STN neurons, however, have intrinsic membrane properties that can produce more complex firing patterns. In a subset of STN neuro ...
... Wilson 1999; Nakanishi et al. 1987), suggesting STN neurons work as linear transformers relaying the strength of inputs from, for example, the cortex (Magill et al. 2000). STN neurons, however, have intrinsic membrane properties that can produce more complex firing patterns. In a subset of STN neuro ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... indicate that, on average, action potentials are initiated in the perisomatic region and propagate to the dendrites at 1.68 m/s. Finally we determined that a tetrode in hippocampal area CA1 theoretically should be able to record electrical signals from ⬃1,000 neurons. Of these, 60 –100 neurons shoul ...
... indicate that, on average, action potentials are initiated in the perisomatic region and propagate to the dendrites at 1.68 m/s. Finally we determined that a tetrode in hippocampal area CA1 theoretically should be able to record electrical signals from ⬃1,000 neurons. Of these, 60 –100 neurons shoul ...
Persistent perceptual delay for head movement onset
... constant force of gravity. During locomotion, the vestibular system works together with other sensory modalities to properly control the body through expected and unexpected changes in motion. Relying on multiple sensory modalities increases the likelihood for the central nervous system (CNS) to det ...
... constant force of gravity. During locomotion, the vestibular system works together with other sensory modalities to properly control the body through expected and unexpected changes in motion. Relying on multiple sensory modalities increases the likelihood for the central nervous system (CNS) to det ...
Organization of a Vertebrate Cardiac Ganglion: A Correlated
... from 4 animals were rapidly dissected in cold physiological saline, blotted. and weighed. The tissue was homoaenized in 100-300 volumes of O.l’N HCl, boiled for 10 min and centrifuged. The supematant was immediately frozen and stored at -70°C; samples were subsequently lyophilized and analyzed. All ...
... from 4 animals were rapidly dissected in cold physiological saline, blotted. and weighed. The tissue was homoaenized in 100-300 volumes of O.l’N HCl, boiled for 10 min and centrifuged. The supematant was immediately frozen and stored at -70°C; samples were subsequently lyophilized and analyzed. All ...
BIo 218 Lecture Outline Tortora Ch18
... integrating center for spinal reflexes (the brain stem is the integrating center for cranial reflexes). ii. Reflexes are fast, predictable, automatic responses to changes in the environment that help maintain homeostasis: a. somatic reflexes involve contraction of skeletal muscles b. autonomic (visc ...
... integrating center for spinal reflexes (the brain stem is the integrating center for cranial reflexes). ii. Reflexes are fast, predictable, automatic responses to changes in the environment that help maintain homeostasis: a. somatic reflexes involve contraction of skeletal muscles b. autonomic (visc ...
Anti-Apoptotic Proteins in Nerve Cell Survival and
... Genetical studies suggest that ces-1 and ces-2 (ces, cell death specification) regulate a subset of cell death in C. Elegans since mutations in these genes block the death of certain neural cells (Ellis and Horvitz, 1991a). However, mutations in ces-1 and ces-2 do not affect cell death in all cell ...
... Genetical studies suggest that ces-1 and ces-2 (ces, cell death specification) regulate a subset of cell death in C. Elegans since mutations in these genes block the death of certain neural cells (Ellis and Horvitz, 1991a). However, mutations in ces-1 and ces-2 do not affect cell death in all cell ...
Slide 1
... axons join with tympanic nerve, then lesser petrosal nerve otic ganglion parotid gland Nucleus ambiguus (SVE): innervation of stylopharyngeus that muscle that helps with swallowing & efferent part of gag reflex ...
... axons join with tympanic nerve, then lesser petrosal nerve otic ganglion parotid gland Nucleus ambiguus (SVE): innervation of stylopharyngeus that muscle that helps with swallowing & efferent part of gag reflex ...
Calculating Consequences - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... by the Institutional Review Board of the California Institute of Technolhorizontal section was acquired at 30° to the anterior commissure–posogy. One subject was later excluded from the analysis because of a comterior commissure axis. plete lack of responding on one of the schedules. Data analysis. ...
... by the Institutional Review Board of the California Institute of Technolhorizontal section was acquired at 30° to the anterior commissure–posogy. One subject was later excluded from the analysis because of a comterior commissure axis. plete lack of responding on one of the schedules. Data analysis. ...
Toward a Unified Theory of Visual Area V4
... and has been a focus of many studies on visual attention. However, there is no unifying view of V4’s role in visual processing. Neither is there an understanding of how its role in feature processing interfaces with its role in visual attention. This review captures our current knowledge of V4, larg ...
... and has been a focus of many studies on visual attention. However, there is no unifying view of V4’s role in visual processing. Neither is there an understanding of how its role in feature processing interfaces with its role in visual attention. This review captures our current knowledge of V4, larg ...
A comparison of the distribution and morphology of ChAT
... its structure in the pig. In the present study we employed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry to identify the cholinergic neuronal population in the thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord o ...
... its structure in the pig. In the present study we employed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry to identify the cholinergic neuronal population in the thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord o ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... attenuated by coadministration of a selective oxytocin receptor antagonist [Peters et al. (2008), their Fig. 4]. Importantly, this effect was selective to approximately half of the second-order NTS neurons identified within a mixed distribution of oxytocin-sensitive and oxytocin-resistant neurons. T ...
... attenuated by coadministration of a selective oxytocin receptor antagonist [Peters et al. (2008), their Fig. 4]. Importantly, this effect was selective to approximately half of the second-order NTS neurons identified within a mixed distribution of oxytocin-sensitive and oxytocin-resistant neurons. T ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... measures were often necessarily simple. Much of what is known of developmental pathways was based on disrupting highly regular structures, such as patterns of cells in the eye. Similarly, reliable visual behaviors such as phototaxis and motion responses provided a solid foundation for dissecting vis ...
... measures were often necessarily simple. Much of what is known of developmental pathways was based on disrupting highly regular structures, such as patterns of cells in the eye. Similarly, reliable visual behaviors such as phototaxis and motion responses provided a solid foundation for dissecting vis ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.