An implantable electrode design for both chronic in vivo
... 2.2. Preparation of the double hook electrodes Uncoated 20 mm thin platinum wire (Degussa-Huels AG, Frankfurt, Germany) was first insulated with a non-toxic two component silicone (Extrude† -low consistency, Kerr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany), freshly mixed and applied by hand. The consistency of the si ...
... 2.2. Preparation of the double hook electrodes Uncoated 20 mm thin platinum wire (Degussa-Huels AG, Frankfurt, Germany) was first insulated with a non-toxic two component silicone (Extrude† -low consistency, Kerr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany), freshly mixed and applied by hand. The consistency of the si ...
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... the core of the cochlear nucleus. These rapidly conducting, myelinated axons convey acoustic information to the brain via the auditory nerve. In contrast, the shell represented by the GCD receives input from type II auditory nerve fibers (Brown et al., 1988a; Hurd et al., 1999). These unmyelinated a ...
... the core of the cochlear nucleus. These rapidly conducting, myelinated axons convey acoustic information to the brain via the auditory nerve. In contrast, the shell represented by the GCD receives input from type II auditory nerve fibers (Brown et al., 1988a; Hurd et al., 1999). These unmyelinated a ...
Slides - Computational Brain Imaging Group
... were compared, and the image with the higher overall signature response (i.e. the stronger expression of the signature pattern) was classified as associated with more pain • Forced-choice tests are particularly suitable for fMRI because they do not compare the signature response with a threshold tha ...
... were compared, and the image with the higher overall signature response (i.e. the stronger expression of the signature pattern) was classified as associated with more pain • Forced-choice tests are particularly suitable for fMRI because they do not compare the signature response with a threshold tha ...
Microcircuits in visual cortex Kevan AC Martin
... preferences change rapidly. Such images have been the inspiration for models of cortical wiring, where the goal is to discover whether the maps are in some way optimal solutions to the constraint of reducing wiring length [5,6•]. The significance of exploring this domain is that it places important ...
... preferences change rapidly. Such images have been the inspiration for models of cortical wiring, where the goal is to discover whether the maps are in some way optimal solutions to the constraint of reducing wiring length [5,6•]. The significance of exploring this domain is that it places important ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... The neuron is the basic functional block of the nervous system. It is a highly specialized cellular unit for information processing and transmission of electrochemical signals. With diameters ranging from 4 to 100 microns, each neuron contains millions of electrochemical pumping stations that shift ...
... The neuron is the basic functional block of the nervous system. It is a highly specialized cellular unit for information processing and transmission of electrochemical signals. With diameters ranging from 4 to 100 microns, each neuron contains millions of electrochemical pumping stations that shift ...
MOTION DETECTION MECHANISMS
... 3.2.2 Reverse-phi The multiplication in the Reichardt model ensures that motion detection does not depend on the polarity of the contrast of a moving object (dark objects lead to the same motion signals as bright objects). At the same time, however, the multiplication causes a reversal of motion dir ...
... 3.2.2 Reverse-phi The multiplication in the Reichardt model ensures that motion detection does not depend on the polarity of the contrast of a moving object (dark objects lead to the same motion signals as bright objects). At the same time, however, the multiplication causes a reversal of motion dir ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... FEF contributes to selecting the target and shifting attention before gaze shifts, both saccadic and pursuit [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus ...
... FEF contributes to selecting the target and shifting attention before gaze shifts, both saccadic and pursuit [8]. It is also crucial to note that the neural signals occurring in FEF coincide with identical signals occurring in a network of interconnected structures including the superior colliculus ...
Finally, the peak firing rate within any one place field of a single cell
... units will eventually respond to different kinds of patterns, and end up partitioning the input space among themselves into non-overlapping groups of similar patterns. The algorithm performs both sparsification – since only a single output unit becomes active for any given (distributed) input patter ...
... units will eventually respond to different kinds of patterns, and end up partitioning the input space among themselves into non-overlapping groups of similar patterns. The algorithm performs both sparsification – since only a single output unit becomes active for any given (distributed) input patter ...
Fatty acid amide hydrolase expression in rat choroid plexus
... membrane-associated enzyme which was originally identi®ed on account of its ability to catalyse hydrolysis of the sleep-inducing lipid oleamide to oleic acid and ammonia [2,3]. In addition, FAAH also catalyses hydrolysis of the putative endocannabinoid anandamide to arachidonic acid and ethanolamine ...
... membrane-associated enzyme which was originally identi®ed on account of its ability to catalyse hydrolysis of the sleep-inducing lipid oleamide to oleic acid and ammonia [2,3]. In addition, FAAH also catalyses hydrolysis of the putative endocannabinoid anandamide to arachidonic acid and ethanolamine ...
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... intensive research the physiological role of NGF, if any, remains obscure. The effects of NGF in culture on explants of sensory and sympathetic ganglia from birds and mammals have been extensively studied. It has been claimed that oxidative and synthetic processes are stimulated in the ganglion cell ...
... intensive research the physiological role of NGF, if any, remains obscure. The effects of NGF in culture on explants of sensory and sympathetic ganglia from birds and mammals have been extensively studied. It has been claimed that oxidative and synthetic processes are stimulated in the ganglion cell ...
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... spike after the long-lasting hyperpolarization, during the early phase of the EEG depth-negativity. The spindle sequences that follow the slow oscillation in intact-cortex animals display the same waning feature and a similar short duration in the thalamus and cortex, and they are synchronized among ...
... spike after the long-lasting hyperpolarization, during the early phase of the EEG depth-negativity. The spindle sequences that follow the slow oscillation in intact-cortex animals display the same waning feature and a similar short duration in the thalamus and cortex, and they are synchronized among ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
PERSPECTIVES
... well as hand-grasping movements performed by an experimenter. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from various arm and hand muscles. As a control, motor cortex was stimulated during the presentation of three-dimensional objects and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on ...
... well as hand-grasping movements performed by an experimenter. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from various arm and hand muscles. As a control, motor cortex was stimulated during the presentation of three-dimensional objects and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on ...
University of Groningen Taste and smell changes in cancer
... tongue contains four types of papillae: fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, and filiform papillae [1]. The papillae increase the area of contact between the tongue and food. All papillae, except the filiform papillae, contain taste buds. The filiform papillae serve a tactile function. The lifespan of ...
... tongue contains four types of papillae: fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, and filiform papillae [1]. The papillae increase the area of contact between the tongue and food. All papillae, except the filiform papillae, contain taste buds. The filiform papillae serve a tactile function. The lifespan of ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... two sources of guidance: (7) polarity along the limb axis, and (2) strategically located cells that serve as stepping stones (Bate, 1976), guideposts (Bentley and Keshishian, 1982), or landmarks (Taghert et al., 1982) along the prospective pathway. However, the nature of the polarity signal and of t ...
... two sources of guidance: (7) polarity along the limb axis, and (2) strategically located cells that serve as stepping stones (Bate, 1976), guideposts (Bentley and Keshishian, 1982), or landmarks (Taghert et al., 1982) along the prospective pathway. However, the nature of the polarity signal and of t ...
Distinct core thalamocortical pathways to central and dorsal primary
... (Schreiner et al., 2000). The cNB region has the highest spectral resolution (Q factor) measured with sound level at 40 decibels above threshold (Q40). A small dNB region has higher spectral resolution than adjacent cBB and dBB regions but lower median spectral resolution than the cNB region (Imaizu ...
... (Schreiner et al., 2000). The cNB region has the highest spectral resolution (Q factor) measured with sound level at 40 decibels above threshold (Q40). A small dNB region has higher spectral resolution than adjacent cBB and dBB regions but lower median spectral resolution than the cNB region (Imaizu ...
The role of temporal parameters in a thalamocortical model of analogy
... cortex-driven cortical activity? As suggested in [27] and [28], the TRN is a promising location where such a filtering can occur. The basic idea is that the reticular neurons receive both ascending thalamic input- and descending-cortical feedback, and reticular inhibition cancels out cortical feedba ...
... cortex-driven cortical activity? As suggested in [27] and [28], the TRN is a promising location where such a filtering can occur. The basic idea is that the reticular neurons receive both ascending thalamic input- and descending-cortical feedback, and reticular inhibition cancels out cortical feedba ...
Glossary
... electrical pulse to a transducer. Cochlea*: Auditory portion of the inner ear, consisting of fluid-filled membranous channels within a spiral canal around a central core. Cochlear Implant*: Device that enables persons with profound hearing loss to perceive sound, consisting of an electrode array sur ...
... electrical pulse to a transducer. Cochlea*: Auditory portion of the inner ear, consisting of fluid-filled membranous channels within a spiral canal around a central core. Cochlear Implant*: Device that enables persons with profound hearing loss to perceive sound, consisting of an electrode array sur ...
1 1 2 3 Efficient Generation of Reciprocal Signals by Inhibition 4 5 6
... requires that inhibition has an equal yet opposite effect to that of excitation in spite of ...
... requires that inhibition has an equal yet opposite effect to that of excitation in spite of ...
ion channels in plants
... cellular compartments. For better recognition, organelles common to plant and animal cells, e.g., nucleus and mitochondria, are not shown. Note the plant-specific cell wall (cw) surrounding the plasma membrane (pm), and the vacuolar membrane (vm) separating the vacuolar lumen (vac) from the cytosol ...
... cellular compartments. For better recognition, organelles common to plant and animal cells, e.g., nucleus and mitochondria, are not shown. Note the plant-specific cell wall (cw) surrounding the plasma membrane (pm), and the vacuolar membrane (vm) separating the vacuolar lumen (vac) from the cytosol ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... the orexin ligand or receptor genes49,51. In most narcoleptics, the disease begins in the second or third decade of life, and the loss of orexin neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convin ...
... the orexin ligand or receptor genes49,51. In most narcoleptics, the disease begins in the second or third decade of life, and the loss of orexin neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convin ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... regions of the crustacean foregut, or stomach. Figure 1a shows a side view of a lobster and indicates the position of the stomach, the heart, and the main portions of the nervous system. The STG is found in the dorsal artery, where it is a direct target for hormones released from the pericardial org ...
... regions of the crustacean foregut, or stomach. Figure 1a shows a side view of a lobster and indicates the position of the stomach, the heart, and the main portions of the nervous system. The STG is found in the dorsal artery, where it is a direct target for hormones released from the pericardial org ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... This project builds on techniques and applies knowledge learnt from modules on the MSc Artificial Intelligence in the School of Computing at the University of Leeds. The module Bio-Inspired Computing (COMP5400M) gave the basis for the understanding and knowledge in the subject area of computational ...
... This project builds on techniques and applies knowledge learnt from modules on the MSc Artificial Intelligence in the School of Computing at the University of Leeds. The module Bio-Inspired Computing (COMP5400M) gave the basis for the understanding and knowledge in the subject area of computational ...
Regional Differentiation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in
... involved in central autonomic control, including NTS (primary central terminus of inputs carried by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves) • PVH innervates both NTS and motor nuclei of vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves ...
... involved in central autonomic control, including NTS (primary central terminus of inputs carried by the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves) • PVH innervates both NTS and motor nuclei of vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves ...
String Art: Axon Tracts in the Spinal Cord Spinal reflex arcs
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.